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Molecular Immunology > Introduction to immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

In what two can the immune system cause disease?

A

Autoimmune and allergy

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2
Q

All cells of the immune response are ____ and are derived from _____ stem cells.

A

Haemopoietic and pluripotent.

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3
Q

What cell linages give rise to the immune cells?

A

Myloid and lymphoid.

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4
Q

What specificity does the innate immune system have?

A

Limited with broad categories.

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5
Q

What specificity does the adaptive immune system have?

A

Highly specific at the species and strain level.

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6
Q

How long does it take to activate the innate immune response?

A

Hours.

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7
Q

How long does it take to activate the innate immune response?

A

Days and in rare cases weeks.

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8
Q

The adaptive immune system is always active. T or F?

A

False, sometimes it will not be needed.

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9
Q

What organisms have an adaptive immune response?

A

Sharks and up.

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10
Q

Name five key components of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. NK Cells
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Complement
  5. Interferons
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11
Q

What could the innate immune system possibly have?

A

A memory function

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12
Q

What barriers make up the innate immune system?

A

Chemical and physical

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13
Q

What type of features does the innate immune system recognise?

A

Invariable

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14
Q

What timescale do changes to the innate immune system happen on?

A

An evolutionary timescale.

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15
Q

How do changes happen to the innate immune system?

A

When remaining population members have developed some sort of resistance eg to HIV1 and Malaria (RBC gene functions)

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16
Q

When is the innate immune system crucial?

A

Between the period in which a child has lost the mothers AB in their serum but have not had the chance to develop their own.

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17
Q

Name the two crucial components of the adaptive immune system.

A

B and T lymphocyes

Antibodies

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18
Q

What can the memory function sometimes be?

A

Lifelong.

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19
Q

What is the normal delay of the adaptive immune response?

A

4-6 days

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20
Q

What sort of features does the adaptive immune system recognise?

A

Variable features.

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21
Q

What sort of pathogens does B cell immunity recognise?

A

Extracelluar pathogens

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22
Q

What sort of pathogens does T cell immunity recognise?

A
  1. Intracelluar pathogens
  2. Cell associated pathogens
  3. Small parasites
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23
Q

What are 3 key roles of B cell immunity?

A
  1. Activate complement
  2. Opsonise bacteria
  3. Coat to prevent binding
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24
Q

What sort of antigens does B cell immunity recognise?

A

Soluble free native antigens

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25
Q

Does the surface of the virus/ bacteria need to be altered to be recognised by cells involved in B cell immunity?

A

No

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26
Q

What does T cell immunity rely on to recognise pathogens?

A

MHC to display associated material.

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27
Q

What do the MHC peptides normally display?

A

Peptides and not carbs.

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28
Q

What is the humoral immunity?

A

The process in which plasma cells make antibodies.

B immunity

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29
Q

What are the main constituants of cell mediated immunity?

A

T helper cells producing cytokines.
T cytotoxic cells killing host infected cells in a specific manner

(T immunity)

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30
Q

What sort of cell is long lived and involved in scar formation?

A

Phagocyte

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31
Q

What cells are professional phagocytes?

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils

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32
Q

What professional phagocytes are found in the blood?

A

Monocytes

Neutrophils

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33
Q

What professional phagocytes are found in the tissues?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

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34
Q

What sort of nucleus do professional phagocytes have?

A

Mononuclear

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35
Q

What sort of nucleus do non professional phagocytes have?

A

Polymorphic granules

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36
Q

What non professional phagocytes are found in the blood?

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

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37
Q

What non professional phagocytes are found in the tissue?

A

Mast cells

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38
Q

What cells are non professional phagocytes?

A

Dendritic cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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39
Q

What sort of infection do phagocytes respond to?

A

Bacterial

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40
Q

What cell of the immune system has a multilobed nucleus that can be stained by giasma stain?

A

Neutrophil

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41
Q

What are the 5 main roles of a neutrophil?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. ROI production
  3. Microbe entrapment
  4. Cytokine production
  5. Antimicrobial release
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42
Q

Neutrophils can leave the blood upon infection. How do they do this?

A
  1. They can undergo successive tightening to capillary epithelial cells
  2. Escape the blood
  3. Migrate to specific locations via chemoattractants immobilised on glycoproteins
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43
Q

Where are neutrophils found in very large numbers?

A

Bone marrow

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44
Q

What phagocyte makes up 50-60% of blood phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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45
Q

Neutrophils are short lived if they do not encounter an infection. How short is short?

A

24 hrs.

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46
Q

What immune system cell is fast moving and can be quickly released when needed?

A

Neutrophil- quickly released as large numbers in the bone marrow.

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47
Q

What sort of phagocyte is known as a frustrated phagocyte?

A

Eosinophil

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48
Q

When are eosinophils activated?

A

In the late immune response

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49
Q

What are the main two roles of the eosinophil?

A

Allergy

Parasitic infections

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50
Q

What cells are similar to tissue mast cells?

A

Basophils

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51
Q

What phagocyte strictly does not circulate the blood?

A

Mast cells

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52
Q

What can mast cells release?

A

Inflammatory mediators

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53
Q

What cells are important in parasite infection/ allergy?

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

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54
Q

Where are mast cells mainly found?

A

Mucosal surfaces

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55
Q

What do mast cells have a high affinity to?

A

IgE Fc receptors

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56
Q

What sort of phagocyte is essential for human function?

A

Mast cell

57
Q

Are mast cells heterogeneous or homogenous throughout the body?

A

Heterogenous

58
Q

Name 3 places where mast cells can be found.

A

Skin, CNS, heart, Blood vessels, gut.

59
Q

What phagocyte is the main type of APC?

A

Dendritic cells

60
Q

Where can you find dendritic cells?

A

Skin and lymphoid tissues.

61
Q

What do dendritic cells express and why?

A

MHC2 allowing presentation to the T cells.

62
Q

What receptor do T helper cells express?

A

CD4+

63
Q

What receptor do T cytotoxic cells express?

A

CD8+

64
Q

What do CD4+ cells do?

A
  1. Stimulate the B cells to help produce antibodies.
  2. Activate macrophages
  3. Activate NK cells
  4. Assist with the development of CD8+ cells.
65
Q

What do T cytotoxic cells do?

A

Recognise and kill infected host cells.

66
Q

What do NK cells act against?

A

Infected host cells- intracellular bacteria or viral.

67
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

NK cells kill non specifically via the recognition of altered expression in host cells, ie they recognise the non self cell.

68
Q

Why can NK cells have a potential anticancer role?

A

Because they kill non specifically through the recognition of altered self.

69
Q

If an organism frequently mutates causing a change in surface proteins what can it be classified as?

A

Antigentically unstable

70
Q

What is an example of an antigentically unstable organism?

A

HIV 1

71
Q

Against what organisms is the innate immune system of a particular importance?

A

Antigentically unstable

72
Q

We have learnt 6 examples of external threats. Name them

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Protazoa
  4. Prions
  5. Fungi
  6. Parasites
73
Q

Prions can be an external and an internal threat. When are they an internal threat?

A

When misfolded proteins are replicated.

74
Q

Ischaemia is an internal threat. What is it?

A

Restriction in the blood supply to tissues.

75
Q

The presence of a new and abnormal tissue growth can act as an internal threat. What is the proper name for this sort of growth?

A

Neoplasia

76
Q

What is the main form of internal threat?

A

Blunt trauma

77
Q

Prions, neoplasia and blunt trauma are all internal threats the body can face. Name an additional 3.

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Toxic Insult
  3. Necrosis
78
Q

Necrosis is a form of an internal threat. What actually is it?

A

The premature death of cells caused by cell injury. Cells die by autolysis causing unregulated digestion of cell components.

79
Q

What three things can cause necrosis?

A
  1. Infections
  2. Toxins
  3. Trauma
80
Q

Commensal organisms are not harmful to us as they will not cause disease. True or false.

A

False. Some can under certain conditions.

81
Q

Define Anaphylaxis.

A

Widespread activation of mast cells which can lead to death.

82
Q

What phagocyte is known as a ‘big eater’

A

Macrophage

83
Q

Are professional or non professional phagocytes involved in the formation of scars?

A

Non professional

84
Q

What can ‘Big Eater’ phagocytes be described as?

A

Sentinel cells

85
Q

Where are macrophages dervived from?

A

Myloid cells and circulating monocytes.

86
Q

What macrophage is found in the lung?

A

Alveolar

87
Q

What macrophage is found in the liver?

A

Kupfer

88
Q

What macrophage is found in the CNS?

A

Microglia

89
Q

Why do macrophages vary between tissues?

A

As they have undergone distinct differentiation depending on where they are found.

90
Q

Macrophages have very high phagocytotitc ability. How many bacteria cells can they consume per cell?

A

100’s

91
Q

What three types of receptors can drive macrophages?

A
  1. Scavanger
  2. Mannose
  3. Complement
92
Q

What inflammatory mediator is involved in fever and sepsis?

A

IL6

93
Q

What can macrophages produce in large volumes?

A

Inflammatory mediators

94
Q

What inflammatory mediators can macrophages produce?

A
  1. TNF
  2. IL12
  3. IL beta
  4. IL6
95
Q

What are the main roles of macrophages?

A
  1. Present to CD4+ cells to stimulate T cell activation.
  2. Produce interferon y
  3. Induce AB dependant cell cytoxicity
  4. Induce antigen specific phagocytosis
96
Q

What three things can drive M1 and M2 macrophages?

A
  1. Chemokines
  2. Cytokines
  3. PAMPS
97
Q

What sort of macrophage development is classed as ‘classical’?

A

M1

98
Q

What sort of macrophage development is classed as ‘alternative’?

A

M2

99
Q

What macrophage type is critical in inflammatory bowel disease?

A

M1

100
Q

What diseases are M1 macrophages elevated in?

A
  1. Obesity

2. T1D

101
Q

What is the main role of M1 macrophages?

A

Induce inflammation (pro inflammatory)

102
Q

What is the main role of M2 macrophages?

A

Remodelling of tissue (tissue remodelling)

103
Q

What class of macrophage can promote tumour growth?

A

M2

104
Q

What class of macrophage can cause tumour resistance?

A

M1

105
Q

What sort of macrophage is important in the development of scars?

A

M2

106
Q

Large amounts of what macrophage type can cause tissue destruction due to the promotion of the TH1 response?

A

M1

107
Q

What type of macrophage is responsible for angiogenesis?

A

M2

108
Q

What type of macrophage is responsible for tissue destruction?

A

M1

109
Q

What type of macrophage is responsible for immunoregulation?

A

M2

110
Q

What type of macrophage kills intracellular parasites?

A

M1

111
Q

What type of macrophage is involved in tissue encapsulation, including Mtb?

A

M2

112
Q

What is expressed on all nucleated cells?

A

MHC1

113
Q

What does the MHC1 class present?

A

Peptides derived form endogenous proteins.

114
Q

What leuckocytes express MH2?

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. B cells
115
Q

What does the MHC2 class present?

A

Peptides derived from exogenous proteins.

116
Q

What type of macrophage develops later and why?

A

MH2- develops due to a change in chemokine and cytokine production.

117
Q

MHC2 expression is normally restricted. When is it not?

A

During Inflammation.

118
Q

What are the HLA genes?

A

Genes which encode for the MHC. HLA stands for the Human Leucocyte Antigen.

119
Q

Mice have 2 HLA genes How many HLA genes do humans have?

A

6

120
Q

HLA genes are the most polymorphic genes humans have. Which HLA gene is most polymorphic in humans and how many alleles does it have?

A

HLA-B, which has >1400 alleles.

121
Q

When you match for a graft injection what are you actually matching for?

A

MHC proteins.

122
Q

How many base substitutions can be present between different MHC alleles?

A

20

123
Q

What do MHC proteins play a major role in?

A

Initiating a T cell response by presenting antigen to T cells.

124
Q

What is MHC variation NOT?

A

Somatic- inherited variation.

125
Q

What does MHC restriction result in?

A

T lymphocytes only recognising antigen when in complex with a SELF MHC molecule.

126
Q

How was the phenomena of MHC restriction discovered****?

A
  1. Inbred mice with different MHC proteins were immunised by a virus. The MHC proteins were the only differences between the mice
  2. The cytotoxic T cells were removed from these mice.
  3. The ability of removed cytotoxic T cells to kill infected was measured.
  4. Found that only T cells from A could kill infected T cells.
127
Q

Why is the skin being dry a good mechanical defence?

A

Limited nutrients to bacteria.

128
Q

The skin includes insoluble proteins to act as a barrier. Name an example of one of these?

A

Keratin

129
Q

What provides defence molecules to act as a barrier?

A

Sweat

130
Q

Epithelia in which body parts acts as a mechanical barrier?

A

GI tract, airways and uriogenital tract.

131
Q

What prevents bacteria adhering?

A

Tears and Mucus

132
Q

What organisms do not mount a strong immune response?

A

Commensal organisms

133
Q

The fluctuating pH in the body provides an unfavourable environment for the body. Where does it fluctuate?

A

Low in the GI and high in the upper GI.

134
Q

What are defensins?

A

Small toxic peptides that are poorly understood.

135
Q

What microbicides are secreted constitutively?

A
  1. Lysozymes
  2. Histines
  3. Defensins
136
Q

What cells secrete microbicides?

A

Cells exposed to the environment.

137
Q

What can be embedded into tissues to add an extra line of defence?

A

Embedded cells

138
Q

What are all cells capable of?

A

Some level of innate immunity

139
Q

Why are macrophages found in the lungs?

A

Due to dirty air.

Molecular Immunology (9 decks)

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