vaccines

Question 1

live-attenuated vaccines

Answer 1

living microbe that is weakened

Question 2

inactivated vaccine

Answer 2

microbe killed by chemicals

Question 3

subunit vaccine

Answer 3

only antigens that best stimulate immune system are included; may be extracted from whole organism or produced from recombinant DNA

Question 4

conjugate vaccine

Answer 4

link polysaccharide antigens to proteins

Question 5

toxoid vaccines

Answer 5

formalin-inactivated toxins

Question 6

vaccines with the highest immunogenicity

Answer 6

live-attenduated

Question 7

vaccines with the lowest immunogenicity

Answer 7

polysaccharide subunit

Question 8

why do polysaccharide vaccines not induce long lasting immunity?

Answer 8

because T cells only recognize peptide antigens in MHC complexes

Question 9

what is needed for the prevention of infection via vaccination?

Answer 9

formation of vaccine-induced antibodies

Question 10

what is needed for disease attenuation and protection against complications from vaccines?

Answer 10

T cells

Question 11

first antibody to appear after vaccination

Answer 11

IgG

Question 12

immune response to live-virus vaccines

Answer 12

mimics natural infection= T-dep B cell response and CD8 response confer long lasting immunity

Question 13

risks of live virus vaccines

Answer 13

• can cause disseminated infection if immunocompromised

- risk of mutation into more virulent strain

Question 14

problems with polysaccharide subunit vaccines (4)

Answer 14

• no booster effect
• does not prevent colonization
• not effective in children under 2
• do not produce long lasting immunity

Question 15

why has there been a recent resurgence in pertussis cases?

Answer 15

bc of switch from whole cell to acellular vaccine in 1990s

Question 16

what is a vaccine adjuvant?

Answer 16

substance that is added to a vaccine to increase immune response/gives 2nd signal

Question 17

what is the m/c vaccine adjuvant used in US?

Answer 17

aluminum salts

Question 18

best admin route for live-attenuated vaccines

Answer 18

SC

Question 19

best route for highest volume

Answer 19

IM

Question 20

routes that will induce mucosal immunity

Answer 20

oral, intranasal

Question 21

age considerations with vaccination

Answer 21

want to wait until maternal antibodies no longer present, but also want to vaccine as soon as possible to prevent infection

Question 22

what accounts for the difference in age that the MMR is given in the US vs. africa?

Answer 22

in US given at 12 mo, in africa given at 9 mo- this is bc measles is more prevalent in africa

Question 23

spacing between 1* doses

Answer 23

3 weeks

Question 24

spacing between 1* and booster

Answer 24

4 mo

Question 25

"maximum interval"

Answer 25

does not exist, just start where left off

Question 26

coadministration of live vaccines

Answer 26

together or 1 mo apart, sooner than 1 mo will decrease the effectiveness of the 2nd vaccine

Question 27

what is herd immunity?

Answer 27

reduction in disease prevalence in UNimmunized people due to large proportion of immunized people in the population

Question 28

Ro

Answer 28

basic reproduction number= # of secondary cases generated by 1 infectious individual in a fully susceptible population

Question 29

what is the "threshold" for herd immunity?

Answer 29

Ro -1 / Ro | need above this threshold to stop transmission of infection

Question 30

countries with higher ___ will have more outbreaks

Answer 30

higher Ro

Question 31

what does herd immunity not apply to?

Answer 31

toxins like tetanus and diphtheria

Question 32

when is it harder to make a vaccine?

Answer 32

- when antibody is not protective (HIV, HCV, CMV, HSV) - pathogens mutate/change rapidly - pathogen has multiple serotypes

Question 33

challenge in vaccinating for dengue fever

Answer 33

has 4 serotypes, prior infection with different serotype (than one being vaccinated against) increases risk for serious complication- hard to know if previous infection bc can be asymptomatic

Question 34

why does MMR only require 1 primary dose?

Answer 34

persists longer, replicates in the body and is more immunogenic