immuno testing Flashcards

1
Q

difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

A

polyclonal- recognize multiple epitopes, contains various antibodies of different affinities
monoclonal- detect only 1 epitope

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2
Q

steps in the production of monoclonal antibody (5)

A
  • isolate spleen cells from mouse that was previously immunized against antigen
  • fuse spleen cells with cell line to make hybridomas
  • isolate clones
  • screen supernatants for desired antibody
  • expand positive clones
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3
Q

4 elements in the back bone for all ABO antigens

A

2 galactose
fructose
N-acetyl-galactosamine

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4
Q

extra sugar for type A

A

N-acetyl- galactosamine

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5
Q

extra sugar for type B

A

galactose

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6
Q

Anti-ABO antibody type, implications

A

IgM, means they will not cross placenta

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7
Q

acute intravascular hemolytic transfusion run is mediated by:

A

complement (classical pathway)

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8
Q

Rh antibodies type and implications

A

IgG, can cross placenta

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9
Q

testing for Rh antibodies

A

coombs test

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10
Q

direct coombs test uses ___from patient

A

RBCs

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11
Q

indirect coombs test uses ___ from patient

A

plasma

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12
Q

what is the “anti-human globulin” used in coombs testing?

A

mixture of anti-IgG and anti-complement, used to determine if there is IgG or complement present on RBC surface in direct test or in plasma in indirect test

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13
Q

direct ELISA tests for presence of-

A

antigen

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14
Q

indirect ELISA tests for presence of-

A

antibody

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15
Q

how can recent infections be confirmed using ELISA?

A

look at labs from acute and convalescing phases of illness, 4x or greater difference in IgG = acute infection

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16
Q

what is the advantage of western blot?

A

very specific, allows for determination of which viral proteins are reacting with antibody

17
Q

2 types of “scatter” in flow cytometry

A
forward = size
side = internal granularity/complexity
18
Q

what is antibody staining in flow cytometry?

A

use antibodies that have been conjugated with fluorophores to detect cellular antigens (FACS)

19
Q

why is “threshold” important in flow cytometry?

A

focuses the data on the cells of interest

20
Q

2 mitogens

A

PHA- phytohemoagglutinin

PWM- pokeweek

21
Q

3 substances that can be used to determine the extend of cell proliferation

A

BrdU
titrated thymidine
CFSE

22
Q

how to interpret results when cells have been treated with CFSE?

A

if cells are actively proliferating, will lose fluorescence (diluted)

23
Q

left shift indicates

A

increase in neutrophils