Vaccines Flashcards
When we are first exposed to an invader, _____ cells ingest fragments of attacker and travel to nearby _______ where they use class ____ MHC molecules to present peptides.
Dendritic
Lymph nodes
Class II MHC
After a period of proliferation/activation, some B and helper T cells will become _____ cells to provide protection from future attacks by same invader.
memory
What must happen for memory killer T cells to be produced?
Microbe must infect an antigen presenting cell, then killer T cells must recognize virus peptides presented on MHC I and get help from helper T cells to produce memory killer T cells
T or F. Memory helper T cells and B cells can be produced even when an invader does not infect an APC.
True
T or F. Memory killer T cells can be produced even when an invader does not infect an APC.
False
Give an example of a “non-infectious” vaccine that was designed not to infect the recipient.
Salk vaccine for polio - included dead virus
What did Salk add to his vaccine to kill the virus? How did it work?
Formaldehyde - glues proteins together so it looks like live virus but its proteins don’t work
Does the common flu vaccine contain live or killed virus?
Killed
Give two examples of non-infectious vaccines against disease-causing bacteria.
Typhoid and pertussis
What is a toxoid? What types of immune cells do toxoids mobilize?
A weakened form of a toxin that has been purified from a bacteria to prepare a vaccine.
B cells which produce Abs that can bind to harmful toxin during real attack
Which vaccine was created by producing antitoxin serums in horses?
Diphtheria antitoxin
Give an example of an “acellular” vaccine which retains portions of the microbe that immune system needs to see for protection while discarding parts that cause unpleasant side FX.
Pertussis
Give two examples of “non-infectious” or “subunit” vaccines produced by genetic engineering.
Hepatitis B and HPV
What is one disadvantage to using non-infectious vaccines?
Memory killer T cells will not be made b/c APCs are not getting infected.
Give two examples of vaccines that uses a weakened or “attenuated” form of the microbe.
Sabin polio vaccine & MMR (measles, mumps, Rubella)
How do you make weakened/attenuated microbes? Give an example.
Grow virus in a cell type which is not its normal host, then it accumulates mutations that weaken it
Sabin polio vaccine normally reproduces in human nerve cells, but they grew it in monkey kidney cells to weaken it.
What are some safety issues with attenuated vaccines?
- vaccinated person can infect someone else
- attenuated virus can mutate and gets its strength back
T or F. Attenuated vaccines can produce memory killer T cells.
T
What type of vaccine uses genetic engineering to introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease?
Carrier vaccines
T or F. Carrier vaccines can generate memory killer T cells.
T
Give an example of a carrier vaccine that is currently undergoing trial.
Canarypox virus used to carry in genes for HIV-1 proteins.
T or F. Attenuated vaccines present a promising option for AIDS vaccines.
False - HIV mutates too quickly for this to ever be safe.
What type of vaccine could be promising in creating an AIDS vaccine?
Carrier vaccine
What ability must an AIDS vaccine have to be effective?
Be able to generate memory killer T cells
What is the 10-90 gap?
Only 10% of world’s dollars towards ID research are going towards poorest 90% of world’s population
Why has it been difficult to create a vaccine for Dengue fever?
- There are four closely related viruses that can cause the disease, so the vaccine must immunize against all 4 types to be effective.
- Lack of animal models to test it
- Lmtd understanding of its mechanism
What is the most common neglected tropical disease (NTD)?
Ascariasis
What is the leading cause of maternal and child anemia in low income countries?
Hookworms
