Vaccines

Question 1

When we are first exposed to an invader, _____ cells ingest fragments of attacker and travel to nearby _______ where they use class ____ MHC molecules to present peptides.

Answer 1

Dendritic

Lymph nodes

Class II MHC

Question 2

After a period of proliferation/activation, some B and helper T cells will become _____ cells to provide protection from future attacks by same invader.

Answer 2

memory

Question 3

What must happen for memory killer T cells to be produced?

Answer 3

Microbe must infect an antigen presenting cell, then killer T cells must recognize virus peptides presented on MHC I and get help from helper T cells to produce memory killer T cells

Question 4

T or F. Memory helper T cells and B cells can be produced even when an invader does not infect an APC.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T or F. Memory killer T cells can be produced even when an invader does not infect an APC.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Give an example of a “non-infectious” vaccine that was designed not to infect the recipient.

Answer 6

Salk vaccine for polio - included dead virus

Question 7

What did Salk add to his vaccine to kill the virus? How did it work?

Answer 7

Formaldehyde - glues proteins together so it looks like live virus but its proteins don’t work

Question 8

Does the common flu vaccine contain live or killed virus?

Answer 8

Killed

Question 9

Give two examples of non-infectious vaccines against disease-causing bacteria.

Answer 9

Typhoid and pertussis

Question 10

What is a toxoid? What types of immune cells do toxoids mobilize?

Answer 10

A weakened form of a toxin that has been purified from a bacteria to prepare a vaccine.

B cells which produce Abs that can bind to harmful toxin during real attack

Question 11

Which vaccine was created by producing antitoxin serums in horses?

Answer 11

Diphtheria antitoxin

Question 12

Give an example of an “acellular” vaccine which retains portions of the microbe that immune system needs to see for protection while discarding parts that cause unpleasant side FX.

Answer 12

Pertussis

Question 13

Give two examples of “non-infectious” or “subunit” vaccines produced by genetic engineering.

Answer 13

Hepatitis B and HPV

Question 14

What is one disadvantage to using non-infectious vaccines?

Answer 14

Memory killer T cells will not be made b/c APCs are not getting infected.

Question 15

Give two examples of vaccines that uses a weakened or “attenuated” form of the microbe.

Answer 15

Sabin polio vaccine & MMR (measles, mumps, Rubella)

Question 16

How do you make weakened/attenuated microbes? Give an example.

Answer 16

Grow virus in a cell type which is not its normal host, then it accumulates mutations that weaken it

Sabin polio vaccine normally reproduces in human nerve cells, but they grew it in monkey kidney cells to weaken it.

Question 17

What are some safety issues with attenuated vaccines?

Answer 17

• vaccinated person can infect someone else

- attenuated virus can mutate and gets its strength back

Question 18

T or F. Attenuated vaccines can produce memory killer T cells.

Answer 18

T

Question 19

What type of vaccine uses genetic engineering to introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease?

Answer 19

Carrier vaccines

Question 20

T or F. Carrier vaccines can generate memory killer T cells.

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Give an example of a carrier vaccine that is currently undergoing trial.

Answer 21

Canarypox virus used to carry in genes for HIV-1 proteins.

Question 22

T or F. Attenuated vaccines present a promising option for AIDS vaccines.

Answer 22

False - HIV mutates too quickly for this to ever be safe.

Question 23

What type of vaccine could be promising in creating an AIDS vaccine?

Answer 23

Carrier vaccine

Question 24

What ability must an AIDS vaccine have to be effective?

Answer 24

Be able to generate memory killer T cells

Question 25

What is the 10-90 gap?

Answer 25

Only 10% of world’s dollars towards ID research are going towards poorest 90% of world’s population

Question 26

Why has it been difficult to create a vaccine for Dengue fever?

Answer 26

• There are four closely related viruses that can cause the disease, so the vaccine must immunize against all 4 types to be effective.
• Lack of animal models to test it
• Lmtd understanding of its mechanism

Question 27

What is the most common neglected tropical disease (NTD)?

Answer 27

Ascariasis

Question 28

What is the leading cause of maternal and child anemia in low income countries?

Answer 28

Hookworms