Vaccines

Question 1

What are the five characteristics of an ideal vaccine?

Answer 1

1. No undesirable side effects
2. Easy to administer
3. Highly immunogenic
4. Highly protective
5. Provides long term immunity

Question 2

What are the three main viral vaccine strategies?

Answer 2

1. Attenuated virus
2. Inactivated virus
3. Subunit vaccines

Question 3

What does it mean for a virus to be attenuated?

Answer 3

These viruses are developed through the prolonged passaging of the human virus through other hosts. The result is decreased pathogenicity in human hosts.

Question 4

Why does attenuated virus innoculation produce longer lasting immunity than other types?

Answer 4

Develops T and B cell response.

Question 5

What are the disadvantages of the attenuated strategy of vaccine development?

Answer 5

1. Reversion of virus
2. contaminating pathogens
3. Immunodeficient patients die

Question 6

Pregnant women should not receive vaccines that use which strategy of vaccine development?

Answer 6

Attenuated

Question 7

What is the process of developing an inactivated virus vaccine?

Answer 7

Virus is chemically treated and killed

Question 8

What is the advantage of using inactivated viruses for vaccine development?

Answer 8

No risk to prego or immunocomprimised

Question 9

What is the disadvantage of using inactivated viruses for vaccine development?

Answer 9

No T cell immunity

Question 10

What is the process for developing a subunit vaccine?

Answer 10

Use viral protein developed from yeast recombinant

Question 11

What is the one vaccine example in class of viral subunits?

Answer 11

Hepatitis B

Question 12

What are the three bacterial vaccine strategies?

Answer 12

1. Inactivated bacteria
2. Bacterial toxin
3. Conjugates

Question 13

What is involved in using inactivated bacteria for a vaccine?

Answer 13

Heat killed vaccine provide antigen source

Question 14

What are the examples discussed in class of inactivated bacterial vaccines?

Answer 14

1. Tetanus
2. Diptheria
3. Pertussis

Question 15

What is the danger associated with using the inactivated bacteria method of vaccine production?

Answer 15

May give full, active bacteria

Question 16

What is involved in using bacterial toxoids for a vaccine?

Answer 16

Bacterial toxins can be detoxified without loss of immunogenicity and the finished product is called a toxoid.

Question 17

What are the exampls of toxoid vaccines discussed in class?

Answer 17

Diptheria and tetanus

Question 18

What is involved in using bacterial conjugates for a vaccine?

Answer 18

Conjugating the polysaccharides of a bacterial cell wall to a protein carrier allows for high affinity IgG to be produced along with a memory response.

Question 19

Do bacterial conjugate vaccines that use carbohydrates of bacterial cells walls produce a full (with memory, Tcell production etc) or limited immunologic response? Why?

Answer 19

Full d/t conjugation with protein

Question 20

What are adjuvants?

Answer 20

substances that promote greater immune responses to antigens

Question 21

How do adjuvants work?

Answer 21

Convert soluble protein antigens into particulate matter which are more readily ingested by antigen presenting cells

Question 22

Hep B occurs much more often in adulthood. Why is it given to children?

Answer 22

Convenience d/t many steps involved

Question 23

What is the vaccine strategy used to produce Hep B vaccine?

Answer 23

Surface antigen

Question 24

What is the most commonly used adjuvant?

Answer 24

Aluminum hydroxide

Question 25

From birth to when is the most important time for a child to receive vaccines?

Answer 25

two years

Question 26

Infants born with HBsAg mothers should get what at birth?

Answer 26

Hep B vaccine and HBIG

Question 27

Why is a series of TDaP vaccines needed?

Answer 27

vaccine is not a live one

Question 28

There are five subunits (S1-5) in the acellular vaccine for pertusis. Which one is immunogenic? What is done to it?

Answer 28

S1 is immunogenic but is mutated to render it non-toxic

Question 29

Will the Pertusis vaccine (or other toxoid vaccines) cause immunity against their respective bacteria?

Answer 29

No, just their toxins. Must have normal immune response against bacteria

Question 30

What type of vaccine is the Hemophilus influenza type b vaccine?

Answer 30

polysaccharide-protein conjugate

Question 31

What type of vaccine are the diptheria and tetanus vaccines?

Answer 31

Inactivated toxin

Question 32

How many different types of meningococcal strains are there? How many does the vacine protect against?

Answer 32

5, only 4 are vaccinated

Question 33

What are the two types of polio vaccine? What strategy of vaccine developed does each use?

Answer 33

Salk (IPV)= inactivated virus | Sabin (OPV) = attenuated

Question 34

What is the advantage/disadvantage of the salk/sabin vaccine for polio?

Answer 34

Salk = no danger, but only antibodies Sabin = dangerous, but more robust immunity

Question 35

Who is most at risk of the rubella virus?

Answer 35

Neonates

Question 36

What strategy is used to create the MMR vaccine?

Answer 36

Attenuated virus

Question 37

How long should pregnant females wait to get an MMR vaccine?

Answer 37

3 months

Question 38

What strategy is used to create the varicella vaccine?

Answer 38

Attenuated virus

Question 39

What are the complications of Varicella infections?

Answer 39

Reyes syndrome | Bacterial superinfections

Question 40

What does Rotavirus cause?

Answer 40

Diarrheal illness

Question 41

What strategy is used to create the Rotavirus vaccine?

Answer 41

Attenuated vaccine

Question 42

What is the surface antigen that is on the rotavirus?

Answer 42

VP7

Question 43

Which vaccine preventable bacteria causes more deaths in the US each year than all other vaccine preventable diseases combined?

Answer 43

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 44

What strategy is employed in developing the Pneumococcal vaccine?

Answer 44

conjugated bacterial toxoid

Question 45

What are the two types of vaccines for the flu, and how are they produced?

Answer 45

``` IM = inactivated virus Mist = attenuated virus ```

Question 46

Each of the two flu vaccines develop immunity to what two strains of flu?

Answer 46

H3N2, H1N1, and one influenze B

Question 47

What types of HPV are guarded against by Garasil?

Answer 47

16 and 18

Question 48

How is the Gardasil vaccine made?

Answer 48

L1 protein (capsid of virus)

Question 49

What is the preservative used in vaccines that people freak out about?

Answer 49

Thimerosal

Question 50

The Sabin polio vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

Answer 50

Attenuated viral

Question 51

The MMR vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

Answer 51

Attenuated viral

Question 52

The yellow fever vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

Answer 52

Attenuated viral

Question 53

The Rabies vaccines uses what strategy for vaccine development?

Answer 53

Inactivated virus

Question 54

The Salk vaccine is what type of vaccine?

Answer 54

Inactivated virus