Inflammation Flashcards
What are the three functions of inflammation/
remove pathogenic insults
remove injured tissue
institute wound healing
What are the four cardial signs of inflammation
Erythema
Edema
Heat
Pain
What are the three major components of acute inflammation?
- Dilation of smal lblood vessels
- Inreased vascular permeability
- Accumulation/activation of leukocytes at the site in infection/injury
What are the four possible outcomes of inflammation?
- Resolution
- Abscess
- scarring
- chronic inflammation
What is chronic inflammation?
a prolonged response (weeks or months) in which inflammation, tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist.
What are the leukocytes that are at epithelial barriers?
macrophages
dendritic cells
mast cells
innate lymphoid cells
What are the mediators of vasodilation? (3)
Protaglandins
Nitric oxide
Histamine
What are the mediators of increased vascular permeability? (4)
Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
PAF
What are the mediatiors of chemotaxis and leukocyte recruitment/activation? (3)
IL-1
TNF
Prostaglandins
What are the mediators of fever?
IL-1
TNF
Prostaglandins
What are the mediators of pain? (2)
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
What are the mediators of tissue damage? (3)
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
ROS
NO
What is the first step (in inflammation) that the macrophages/mast cells/dendritic cells/innate lymphoid cells take when the encounter an antigen?
Release inflammatory mediators
Mast cells are activated by C5a to produce what?
Histamine and prostaglandins
What is histamine? How is it released so quickly?
It is a vasoactive amine that is preformed and stored in mast cell granules, and therefore it is released immediately following mast cell activation
What is histamine the principle mediator of?
Vascular permeability
What do anti-histamines block?
H1 receptors located on mast cells which, when activated, would release histamine
What does histamine stimulate?
It stimulate the EC to synthesize NO, which cause vasodilation and subsequent increased blood flow
What are prostaglandins? What specific chemical are they produced from?
Lipid mediators (like PGD2) that are produced from arachiodonic acid
What produced prostaglandins?
Mast cells
What are the two effects of prostaglandins?
vasoilation (edema)
Pain
What is Hageman factor (factor XII) and what activates it?
A protein that leads to the activation of anaphylatoxins and the clotting cascade, including bradykinin
Injury to the basement membrane activates it
What is bradykinin?
It is an inflammatory mediator (specifically a vasoactive peptide) that is generated by a protease called kallikrein (which is activated by Hageman factor).
What is the effect of bradykinin?
It increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, and pain (same thing as histamine)
What are the three major proinflammatory cytokines of acute inflammation?
TNFα
IL-1
IL-6