Vaccines Flashcards
What is a vaccine
administration of a substance to induce an immune response (typically a protein)- Typically administer antigen to induce an antibody response
What is a prophylactic vaccine
Most vaccines are given to prevent (infectious) disease in the individual and/or their offspring and/or the population
What is a therapeutic vaccine
with example
a form of vaccines that are mostly being used for viral infections and various types of cancers
e.g. Oncept melanoma vaccine for dogs
What is ASIT
allergen-specific immunotherapy
A prophylactic treatment for the management of canine atopic dermatitis has to be tailored to the individual. It involves administering gradually increasing doses of those allergens to which the individual is allergic in order to increase the tolerance to these allergens, with the intention of reducing the clinical signs associated with the disease.
Pros/cons of inactivated/killed vaccine
can be made rapidly (as long as you can grow pathogen)
expensive if high level of containment required
typically short duration of immunity
Pros/cons of subunit vaccine
often poor immune response- only delivering one protein from pathogen
pros/cons of live attenuated vaccine
Potential for reversion to virulence
Pros/cons of vectored vaccines
uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient’s host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response
advantages over other types of vaccines because of their safety, stability, and immunogenicity properties
can be produced in high quantities at low cost
Pros/cons of DNA vaccines
Good t-cell-mediated immunity
Difficult to get strong Ab response
pros/cons of mRNA vaccines
Uses a copy of messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response
not constructed from an active pathogen (or even an inactivated pathogen), they are non-infectious
must be kept at very low temperatures to avoid degrading and thus give little effective immunity to the recipient.
5 common components of a vaccine
Active ingredients
stabilisers
preservatives
trace components
adjuvants- non-antigen components of vaccines that enhance immunogenicity
British Horse Racing authority rules around equine influenza vaccination
First vaccination from 5-6 months old
Second vaccination given 21-92 days later (4 weeks)
Third vaccination given 150-215 days later (6 months)
Booster vaccinations must be given within a 365 day period, otherwise to completethe vaccinations they must be re-started
If competing under FEI rules, a booster is required every 6 months.
also need tetanus every 2-5 yrs
herpes every 2-5 months
strangles yearly
herpes and strangles non core
How is the safety on veterinary vaccines controlled
Pre-licensing testing (laboratory animals and/or target species)
Safety
Efficacy
Effectiveness
Marketing authorisation licence
European Medicines Agency
Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Post-licensing testing
Batch-release safety tests
Causes of adverse vaccine events
Vaccine-induced effect
Vaccine-potentiated effect
Programmatic error- e.g. by giving it the wrong way
Coincident effects
What is an adverse vaccine event, who do you report to
any undesirable or unintended effect including lack of efficacy
report to: Veterinary Medicine Directorate Pharmacovigilance team
Types of adverse vaccine events
Local or systemic
Heat, swelling, redness at vaccine site
Lethargy, loss of appetite / fever* (pregnancy loss)
Severe allergic reaction (rare)
Feline injection site sarcoma
Type I hypersensitivity
Usually within a few minutes
Type II hypersensitivity
Haemolytic disease of the newborn
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (Pregshure)
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Sheep vaccines
Clostridium perfringens type B= lamb dysentry (bravilomax), tetanus, pasturellosis, ovine abortion- toxoplasmosis (toxovax), contagious pustular dermatitis (orf) (scabivax), footrot, enzoonotic abortion
Core Cat Vaccines
8 weeks, 12 weeks then yearly, (every 3 years if low risk)
FURTD (feline upper respiratory tract disease): FHV1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis) and FCV (calicivirus)
AND
Feline Panleukaemia Virus (feline parvo)
all in Feligen RCP vaccine aka. FVRCP
Extra Cat Vaccines
Feline leukaemia virus
Bordatella brochisepta
Chlamidyophila felis
rabies
FIV- recommended by WSAVA
When to give FPLV and FeLV vaccinations
8 weeks, 12 weeks, 1 year, 4 years
How to determine high risk cat
cats whcih spend any time outdoors or live wiht cats which go outside and/or go to a cattery
When to give rabies to cat
when travelling abroad or leaving UK
Core vaccines for dog
Distemper (CDV), Infectious hepatitis (C AdenoV Type 2), Canine parvovirus (CPV2)- all modified live vaccines
Leptospirosis (leptospira interogans)
Lepto every year- Distemper, infectious hepatitis, parvovirus as triple every 3 years
When to give distemper vaccine
8 weeks, 12 weeks, 1 year, 4 year, 5 year
When to give hepatitis and parvovirus
8 weeks, 12 weeks, 1 year, 4 year
When to give leptospirosis
8 weeks, 12 weeks, 1 year then yearly
If booster missed ok to give single booster up to 3 months late, after that give 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart
Cow vaccinations
clostdridial- clostridia bacteria e.g. tetanus- (bravoxin 10)
resp disease- IBR- infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovillis IBR)
enteritis- rotavirus (bovillis huskac), lepto (leptavoid-H), BVD, Q fever, salmonella, pasteurellis
IBR, Pi3, RSV, BVD normally, others if specific problem
What is in the kennel cough vaccine
Bordatella bronchiscepta
Canine parainfluenza virus
4 non-core vaccines in dogs
Borrelia burgdorferi
leishmaniasis
Canine herpesvirus
Rabies
