Vaccines Flashcards
Active immunity is immunity which is induced by vaccination.
What are the types of vaccines which provide active immunity?
Live attenuated: BCG, polio, MMR, Rotavirus, Yellow fever, VZ, Influenza (intranasal)
Inactivated whole-cell(killed Ag): whole cell pertussis, Inactivated polio, HepA, Influenza (injectable)
Toxoid (inactivated toxins): Tetanus/Diphtheria
Subunit (purified Ag): cellular pertussis (aP), Hib, HepB, HPV
Viral vectored: adenoV, Ebola virus
Nucleic acid vaccines: SARS-CoV-2 (mRNA)
What is passive immunity? What are its vaccine types?
Protection from disease through Ab transfer
Provides immediate short term protection
Vaccine types inc: Transfer of blood or blood products
Hepb, tetanus, respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, VZ
Describe diptheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine. What is the type and how are they given?
Describe poliomyelitis and its vaccine regimen
Caused by one of 3 poliovirus serotypes (1, 2, 3)
Until 2004, the live attenuated OPV was used for UK routine immunization
BUT OPV had risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, so was replaced by IPV as part of a combined vaccine
A regimen of 5 IPV doses= long-term protection
Describe Hib, rotavirus, MMR, HPV vaccine. What is the type and how are they given?
Describe Hep b and its vaccine- how is it produced, what doses are given?
Hep B vaccine: produced using recombinant DNA and adsorbed onto an adjuvant
3 doses at 0, 1 and 6 months for high risk individuals
A hexavalent combo vaccine (Infanrix-hexa, DTaP/IPV/Hib/hepatitis B) introduced in 2017 for primary immunization
Hep B Ig also available- passive and temporary immunity in those exposed to the virus
What are the vaccines for pneumococcal disease? who are they used in?
(PPV): purified capsular polysaccharide from 23 capsular types of pneumococcus
Used in >65s and in at-risk patients aged >2yrs
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV): contains capsular polysac types and is conjugated to proteins (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13) to improve immunogenicity
PCV provides immunity in infants from 2 months old
PCV13 given as a 2-dose regimen (12 wks and 1yr)
Describe the vaccines for influenza- how are they prepared, who are they administered to?
Influenza vaccines- prepared yearly in line w the strains
Vaccination for all aged 2–17 years w intranasal Live Attenuated Influenza vaccine
LAIV= high protection for children- efficacy of 83%
Administered annually to high-risk groups and children from 2 years old
Describe the BCG vaccine
Contains live attenuated organisms
Intradermal injection usually in the left upper arm
No further vaccinations should be given in the same limb for at least 3 months bc of lymphadenitis risk
1 BCG dose offered to those at increased risk/exposure to TB
Describe the Hep A vaccine- how can it be given?
What else can be used to provide immunity against hep A?
Hep A vaccine can be given to high-risk individuals as a monovalent vaccine (whole, inactivated virus) or combined with either typhoid or hep B vaccines
Human normal Ig can be used to provide immediate but temporary immunity.
Describe RSV and its vaccine
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus, common cause of resp tract infections
Palivizumab is a monoclonal Ab= passive immunity against RSV
Since its half-life is short (18-21 days), monthly doses are needed to reach protective levels
V expensive so reserved for v high-risk infants.
How can we protect infants?
The ideal vaccine would be given as one oral dose at birth= early protection & ensure high coverage
Why not? interference of infant antibody responses by maternal antibodies eg. measles vaccine
Poor immune responses in the newborn infant, esp if premature
Outline the selective immunisation programmes for specific target groups
