Vaccines 1 Flashcards
What should you consider before vaccinating an animal?
- Pathogen and protective immune response
- Age/ colostrol Ab decline
- Immunosenescence (gradual decline of immune system with age)
- Health (immunodeficiency?)
- Management (individual or herd?)
- Pregnancy status
- Vaccine efficacy (how long it lasts)
- Adverse effects/ risks
- Route of administration and impact (e.g. beef carcass)
Describe passive immunisation
- Colostrum (protect against local pathogens) given orally to foals with low IgG within 24-36hrs of birth
- Serum or purified Ig: donor animals are hyper immunised against specific pathogen. Their serum or Ig is then purified and given to deficient animals
What are the dangers of giving antibody rich serum?
- Can get serum sickness
- Immune complex disease (type 3 hypersensitivity)
What are the basic characteristics of active immunisation?
- Repeated immunisation with vaccine
- Commonly with adjuvants
- Induces long term immunity
- Memory cell formed
- Multiple route of administration
What are the different routes of administration for active immunisation?
- Systemic: IM (avoid adverse effects of adjuvants), subcut, intradermal
- Mucosal (common): aerosol, intranasal
- Water
- In ovo
Describe mucosal vaccination
- Given locally to site of pathogen invasion
- Immunity tends to be shrot lives (weeks)
- Can be used in combination e.g. equine influenza you give an IM injection the booster it with mucosal vacc
Give examples of some mucosal vaccs
- Oral: salmonella
- Intranasal: KC, feline calicivirus, Bovine IBR
- Aerosol: Newcastle disease in chickens
- Immersion (gills/ oral uptake in fish)
Describe different adjuvants used in vaccs
- Aluminium and calcium salts (very safe)
- Microbial products
- Synthetic agents
- Exogenous cytokines
How do adjuvants help?
- They non specifically enhance Th2 response in inactivated vaccs
- Enable the slow release of vaccine antigens into body to enhance immune recognition and response
What are the preferred outcomes of vaccination?
- Generate a protective immune response
- Long term immunity
- Stimulation of long lives memory (MUST stimulate memory cell production)
- Rapid secondary response
Is CMI more effective against cytopahtic or non cytopathic viruses?
-Non Cytopathic
better against viruses than have no extracellular phase
List the different types of vaccines available
- Live
- Marker
- Inactivated
- Subunit (selected proteins/ peptides of pathogen)
- Mulivalent (multiple pathogens in one administration)
- Recombinant proteins
- Naked DNA
What are the pros/ cons of live vaccine?
- Get both CMI and Ab responses
- DIVA potential (can distinguish between actual pathogen)
- Potential to revert to virulence
How do live vaccines work?
- Infect host cell to limited degree
- Results in CTL recognition of virus and memory cell formation
Give examples of live vectored vaccines (recombinant organisms)
-Pox viruses (e.g. adenovirus)
