Intro to immunology Flashcards
What molecules coordinate between innate and adaptive immune responses?
- Cytokines
- Complement
- Antigen presenting cells
Where do you find monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes (blood)
Macrophages (tissues)
List the mammalian leukocytes found in the innate immune system
- neutrophil
- basophill
- eosinophil
- NK cell
- mast cell
List all the mammalian leukocytes found in the APC immune system
- Dendritic cells
- B lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
List all the mammalian leukocytes found in the adaptive immune response
- Lymphocytes (T and B)
- Plasma cell
What is the function of an NK cell?
Lysis
What are the granulocytes?
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Mast cells
- Basophil
What is the physiological response to mast cell degranulation and neutrophil chemotaxis?
Inflammation
Describe how the complement system can trigger inflammation
- C3a, C4a and C5a are all anaphylatoxins which cause: smooth muscle contraction, increased vasodilation, activate mast cells/ neutrophils and increase fluid in the tissue which speeds up lymph flow.
Where are the complement precursors found in the body?
Normal serum (blood)
Which innate pathways trigger the complement cascade?
Alternative and Lectin (Classical pathway is antibody dependant)
Which complement protein do all 3 pathways converge on?
C3
Which complement protein is good at opsonisation of bacteria?
C3b
List some causes of inflammation
- Chemicals
- Heat
- Infection
- Injury
What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?
Chronic: tissue destruction, attempts of healing, infiltration of mononuclear cells
Acute: vascular changes resulting in oedema and neutrophilic inflammation.
What do chemokines do?
-Attract neutrophils and monocytes which migrate out of the blood vessel to the tissue.
Which cell releases vasoactive substances to increase vascular permeability?
- Mast cells
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Recruitment of cells
- Diapedesis of cells to move in to tissues
- Increased vascular permeability
Describe how granulomas are formed
Chronically stimulated macrophages modify to form epitheloid cells with a collar of T lymphocytes. Some macrophages fuse to form giant Langhans cells.
Describe acute inflammatory phase proteins
They are plasma proteins produced in the liver in response to cytokines.
- IL-6 triggers C-reactive proteins and fibrinogen
- IL-1 and/ or TNFa triggers serum amyloid A protein
Why are acute phase proteins useful in terms of monitoring?
-They are markers for inflammatory response -Can be used to determine severity of disease and monitor the response to treatment
Discuss Pro vs anti inflamamtory cytokines
- Anti help control pro response
- Regulate the immune response
- IL-4 and IL-10= anti
- TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8= pro
Which immune response involved antigen recognition?
Adaptive (acquired)
How can you test for antibodies?
- Latex agglutination
- ELISA
What do effector lymphocytes do?
- Either combat infection then die by apoptosis OR generate memory cells
What are the differences between central and peripheral tolerance to an antigen?
- Central: education of T lymphocytes in thymus and in B lymphocytes in bone marrow duration maturation
- Peripheral: T and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues undergo further education/ regulation. These responses are regulated by T regulatory cells but when these fail, disease develops.
List some examples of immune mediated disease
- Food intolerances
- Atopy
- Asthma
List the types of hypersensitivity
Type 1: (antibody mediates, immediate, 15-20 mins)
Type 2: (antibody mediated, cytotoxic, days)
Type 3: (immune complexes, 24hr)
Type 4: (cell mediated, delayed type hyper-sensitivity, DTH, 24-72hr)
What are the 2 forms of immunodeficiency?
- Primary (young animals)
- Secondary (adults)
