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PVS immunology week > Intro to immunology > Flashcards

Intro to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What molecules coordinate between innate and adaptive immune responses?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Complement
  • Antigen presenting cells
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2
Q

Where do you find monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes (blood)

Macrophages (tissues)

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3
Q

List the mammalian leukocytes found in the innate immune system

A
  • neutrophil
  • basophill
  • eosinophil
  • NK cell
  • mast cell
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4
Q

List all the mammalian leukocytes found in the APC immune system

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • B lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
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5
Q

List all the mammalian leukocytes found in the adaptive immune response

A
  • Lymphocytes (T and B)

- Plasma cell

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6
Q

What is the function of an NK cell?

A

Lysis

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7
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Mast cells
  • Basophil
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8
Q

What is the physiological response to mast cell degranulation and neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

Describe how the complement system can trigger inflammation

A
  • C3a, C4a and C5a are all anaphylatoxins which cause: smooth muscle contraction, increased vasodilation, activate mast cells/ neutrophils and increase fluid in the tissue which speeds up lymph flow.
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10
Q

Where are the complement precursors found in the body?

A

Normal serum (blood)

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11
Q

Which innate pathways trigger the complement cascade?

A

Alternative and Lectin (Classical pathway is antibody dependant)

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12
Q

Which complement protein do all 3 pathways converge on?

A

C3

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13
Q

Which complement protein is good at opsonisation of bacteria?

A

C3b

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14
Q

List some causes of inflammation

A
  • Chemicals
  • Heat
  • Infection
  • Injury
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15
Q

What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?

A

Chronic: tissue destruction, attempts of healing, infiltration of mononuclear cells

Acute: vascular changes resulting in oedema and neutrophilic inflammation.

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16
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

-Attract neutrophils and monocytes which migrate out of the blood vessel to the tissue.

17
Q

Which cell releases vasoactive substances to increase vascular permeability?

A
  • Mast cells
18
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Recruitment of cells
  • Diapedesis of cells to move in to tissues
  • Increased vascular permeability
19
Q

Describe how granulomas are formed

A

Chronically stimulated macrophages modify to form epitheloid cells with a collar of T lymphocytes. Some macrophages fuse to form giant Langhans cells.

20
Q

Describe acute inflammatory phase proteins

A

They are plasma proteins produced in the liver in response to cytokines.

  • IL-6 triggers C-reactive proteins and fibrinogen
  • IL-1 and/ or TNFa triggers serum amyloid A protein
21
Q

Why are acute phase proteins useful in terms of monitoring?

A

-They are markers for inflammatory response -Can be used to determine severity of disease and monitor the response to treatment

22
Q

Discuss Pro vs anti inflamamtory cytokines

A
  • Anti help control pro response
  • Regulate the immune response
  • IL-4 and IL-10= anti
  • TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8= pro
23
Q

Which immune response involved antigen recognition?

A

Adaptive (acquired)

24
Q

How can you test for antibodies?

A
  • Latex agglutination

- ELISA

25
Q

What do effector lymphocytes do?

A
  • Either combat infection then die by apoptosis OR generate memory cells
26
Q

What are the differences between central and peripheral tolerance to an antigen?

A
  • Central: education of T lymphocytes in thymus and in B lymphocytes in bone marrow duration maturation
  • Peripheral: T and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues undergo further education/ regulation. These responses are regulated by T regulatory cells but when these fail, disease develops.
27
Q

List some examples of immune mediated disease

A
  • Food intolerances
  • Atopy
  • Asthma
28
Q

List the types of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1: (antibody mediates, immediate, 15-20 mins)
Type 2: (antibody mediated, cytotoxic, days)
Type 3: (immune complexes, 24hr)
Type 4: (cell mediated, delayed type hyper-sensitivity, DTH, 24-72hr)

29
Q

What are the 2 forms of immunodeficiency?

A
  • Primary (young animals)

- Secondary (adults)

PVS immunology week (10 decks)

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