Vaccine Delivery Flashcards
What is a conventional prophylactic vaccine?
Vaccination is a process of induction of immunity to a pathogen by injection of a weaken, modified or related form of the pathogen which is no longer pathogenic
- Traditional approaches
- Biotechnology-based approaches
What are the 2 types of traditional vaccines?
- Killed organisms or their components
- Attenuated organisms:
- Different organism
- Different culture condition
- Selection of non-virulent variants
What are the biotechnology-based vaccines? (6)
- Organisms with specific mutations or deletions
- Recombinant protein vaccines
- Recombinant DNA
- Messenger RNA
- Synthetic peptides
- Plant vaccines
What are the types of ‘future generation vaccines’? (2)
- Therapeutic vaccines
- Tolerogenic vaccines
What is a therapeutic vaccine?
A therapeutic vaccine refers to the stimulation of an immune response in an individual who is already infected and has already mounted an immune response to that organism
What is a tolerogenic vaccine? (2)
- Tolerization against ‘self antigens’ in autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or type I diabetes)
- Tolerization against transplanted organs
Where do B and T cells mature respectively?
B cells = bone marrow
T cells = thymus
Define primary lymphoid organs. What are they? (2)
Provide a site for lymphocytes to develop from a lymphoid stem cell
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Define secondary lymphoid organs. What are they? (3)
Are the sites where lymphocytes are more active
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Mucosal lymphoid tissues (lung, gut)
What is the main difference between immature and mature dendritic cells?
Immature - antigen capture
Mature - antigen presentation
True or False? Protein antigen does not induce a productive immune response
True
To generate an effective immune response, the antigen must be injected in the presence of an ________. Why? (3)
adjuvant
- To “awaken” the adaptive immune system
- Activate antigen present cells
- Initiate cytokine secretion
How do dendritic cells differentiate between ‘nonself’ and ‘self’? (2)
- DCs distinguish between ‘non-self’ and ‘self’ by recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) on the invading microbes.
- Since these molecules are not produced by mammalian cells, they are perceived by DCs as the ‘molecular signatures’ of infection.
What are the 3 potential advantages of use of adjuvants in vaccine formulations?
- Enhance immunogenicity of weak antigens (proteins & peptides)
- Reduce amount of antigen or frequency of immunizations required to provide protective immunity
- Improve the efficacy of the vaccines in individuals with reduced or weakened immune responses (newborns, aged vaccine recipients)
What are the 3 components of vaccines?
- Delivery systems
- Immune potentiators
- Antigens
