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PHAR 211 > Basics of Immunology > Flashcards

Basics of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunology (2)

A
  1. A branch of biomedical sciences concerned with immunity or immune system
  2. Study of host defence against infection and disorders of the immune system
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2
Q

What are the organs that make up the immune system? (8)

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Spleen
  3. Thymus
  4. Tonsils
  5. Mucous membranes
  6. Skin
  7. Lymphatic vessels
  8. Lymph nodes
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3
Q

What are the 3 classes of immune cells? (and the names of each cell in each class)

A
  1. Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells)
  2. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
  3. Monocytes/macrophages
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4
Q

What is innate immunity? (4)

A
  1. First line immune response (present at birth)
  2. Relying on mechanisms that exist before infections
  3. Rapid (within minutes) but non-specific
  4. Inflammation
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5
Q

What is acquired immunity? (3)

A
  1. Second line immune response
  2. T-cells and B-cells involved
  3. Developed from immunological memory
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6
Q

Innate immunity vs. acquired immunity. Which is adaptive, and which is non-adaptive?

A

Innate = non-adaptive
Acquired = adaptive

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7
Q

What are the cells that make up innate immunity? (7)

A
  1. Natural killers
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Mast cells
  4. Neutrophils
  5. Basophils
  6. Eosinophils
  7. Macrophages
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8
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Cytotoxic, kill infected cells and cancer cells

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9
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Antigen-presenting, important to acquired immunity

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10
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Rich in histamine and heparin, possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

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11
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Patrol for microbial infections and one of the first responders to the site of inflammation

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12
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Fight parasite infections and mediate allergic reactions

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13
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

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14
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytosis and present antigens along with dendritic cells

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15
Q

What are the pattern recognition receptors in innate immune response? (5)

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  2. NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
  3. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
  4. RIG-1 like receptors (RLRs)
  5. AIM2-like receptors (ALRs)
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16
Q

What are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)? (2)

A
  1. Endogenous molecules released from damaged and dying cells during infection and inflammation, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and heat shock proteins (HLPs)
  2. Interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
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17
Q

The innate immune system can detect missing-self (mainly via NK cells). What does that mean? (2)

A
  1. Recognizing molecules expressed in healthy cells but not in infected cells/pathogens
  2. Inhibiting innate immune response against host cells/tissues
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18
Q

MHC is essential for ________ _________

A

acquired immunity

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19
Q

Where are MHC class I molecules found?
What do they do?

A
  1. Identified in all nucleated cells
  2. Present normal self-antigens and foreign pathogen antigens to cytotoxic T cells
20
Q

Where are MHC class II molecules found?
What do they do?

A
  1. Identified in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
  2. Present foreign pathogen antigens to helper T cells
21
Q

Acquired immunity - What is cell mediated immunity? (4)

A
  1. Antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells
  2. Release cytokines in response to the antigen
  3. Do not involve antibodies
  4. Kill infected cells
22
Q

Acquired immunity - What is humoral immunity? (4)

A
  1. B-cells
  2. Mediated by secreted antibodies
  3. Attack and neutralize antigens (such as microbes) outside cells
  4. Prevent microbial penetration into body cells
23
Q

Describe the process of T-cell maturation (4)

A
  1. Bone marrow: hematopoietic stem cells → lymphoid progenitor cells (migrate to the thymus)
  2. Thymus: lymphoid progenitor cells → functional T-cells with specific markers (such as TCR, CD4 and CD8)
  3. CD4+ T-cells: helper T-cells, secrete cytokines to stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
  4. CD8+ T-cells: cytotoxic T-cells, bind and kill infected cells and cancer cells
24
Q

What activates cytotoxic T-cells?

A

Activated by simultaneous interactions of surface molecules between cytotoxic T cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC) → T cell proliferation

25
Q

What are the first and second activation signals of cytotoxic T-cells?

A
  1. First activation signal: interaction between TCR of cytotoxic T cell and MHC I molecule of APC
  2. Second activation signal: interaction between CD28 of cytotoxic T cell and CD80/CD86 of APC
26
Q

CD80 and CD86 are called __-___________ of T-cell activation

A

co-stimulators

27
Q

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subgroup of T-cells, different from helper T-cells. What do they do? (5)

A
  1. Supress immune response
  2. Inhibit T-cell proliferation and cytokine production
  3. Maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance
  4. Prevent autoimmune disease
  5. Promote cancer development and progression by inhibiting
    anticancer immunity within the tumor microenvironment (TME)
28
Q

What do B-cells do? (5)

A
  1. Provide humoral immunity
  2. Recognize specific antigens and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells
  3. Plasma cells secrete antibodies binding to specific antigens on microbes
  4. Destroy microbes and block them from entering into body cells
  5. Some B-cells evolve into memory B-cells
29
Q

What are 4 ways in which B-cells can be activated?

A
  1. Activated when B-cell receptor (BCR) binds to antigen
  2. T-cell dependent activation
  3. T-cell independent activation
  4. Memory B-cell activation
30
Q

How do memory B-cells work? (3)

A
  1. Activated by different pathogens
  2. Differentiate into long-lived plasma cells to secrete antibodies
  3. Re-enter germinal centers (GCs) to relinquish memory B cell pool
31
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins? (antibodies)

A
  1. IgA
  2. IgD
  3. IgE
  4. IgG
  5. IgM
32
Q

What is the structure of IgA? (2)

A
  1. Monomeric in serum
  2. Dimeric in GI tract and respiratory tract
33
Q

What does IgA do? (3)

A
  1. Important first line of defence against infections
  2. Inhibit bacterial growth and neutralize bacterial toxins
  3. Neutralize viruses
34
Q

What is the structure of IgD?

A

Monomeric

35
Q

What does IgD do? (3)

A
  1. Usually co-expressed with IgM
  2. Activate B-cells, basophils and mast cells
  3. Target mucosal antigens → enhance mucosal immunity
36
Q

What is the structure of IgE?

A

Monomeric

37
Q

What does IgE do? (2)

A
  1. Mediate type I hypersensitivity
  2. Provide immunity against helminth infections
38
Q

What is the main type of antibody in the body? What percent does it make up?

A

IgG –> ~75% of serum antibodies

39
Q

What is the structure of IgG?

A

Monomeric

40
Q

What does IgG do?

A

Bind different types of antigens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi

41
Q

There are 4 subclasses of IgG, 1 through 4. What is special about these? (2)

A
  1. IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 can cross placenta
  2. Newborns: having the same antibodies as mothers’ in the first 6 months of life
42
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

Pentameric - largest antibody

43
Q

What does IgM do? (4)

A
  1. First antibody produced for humoral immunity response
  2. Respond to many antigens
  3. Mainly produced from spleen and bone marrow
  4. May also present as hexamers → physiological function unknown
44
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced via hybridoma technology. What is that? (3)

A
  1. Fusion of B-cells and myeloma cells
  2. B-cells: antibody production
  3. Myeloma cell: longevity and reproductivity
45
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A
  1. Classical
  2. Lectin
  3. Alternative

PHAR 211 (10 decks)

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