vaccine Flashcards
1
Q
what is a vaccine?
A
- suspension of antigens administered to induce immunity
- currently majority of vaccines derives from microbial pathogens for controlling infectious diseases
2
Q
other parts of vaccines
A
- preservatives and stabilizers– preserving antigen
- specific antibiotics- inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth
- adjuvant- enhancing immune response to Ag
3
Q
adjuvant
A
- delay the release of antigen from site of infection
- induce secretion of chemokines by leukocytes
- aluminum hydroxide, saponin etc
4
Q
ideal vaccine is…
A
- inexpensive
- consistent in formation- minimal variations
- stable
- proper type of immune response
- range of immunological epitopes
- long-lived immunity
- immunological memory
- no adverse side effect
5
Q
live attenuated vaccines
A
- infectious vaccine
- attenuated, yet intact and viable organism
- low-level infection
- do not induce significant tissue pathology or clinical disease
6
Q
pros of live attenuated vaccines
A
- rapid onset of immunity
- sustained immunity after a single dose
7
Q
cons of live attenuated vaccines
A
- potential for reversion to virulence
- virulence in immunocompromised
- less stable in storage
8
Q
recombinant organism vaccine- infectious vaccine
A
- carrier organisms do not cause disease in vaccinated animals
- adjuvant not required
- will not revert to virulence
9
Q
marker vaccines
A
- permits discrimination between vaccinal and exposure immune response
- e.g. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine with a deletion of surface glycoprotein E gene
10
Q
killed whole organism vaccines (non-infectious vaccine)
A
- antigenically intact
- unable to replicate or induce pathology or clinical disease
- chemical killing- formalin, alcohol, or alkylating agents
11
Q
subunit vaccines
A
- contain immunological or structural proteins or metabolites of organism
- purified proteins
- synthetic peptides
- recombinant proteins
12
Q
naked DNA vaccines
A
- gene of interest from a pathogen is cloned to a plasmid which is delivered directly into the animal
- the plasmids transfect host including APCs, the pathogen gene is expressed and processed in APC for antigen presentation
13
Q
passive immunization
A
- performed antibodies administered
- to particular antigen
- immediate immunological protection
- temporary protection
- tetanus antitoxin; antivenoms
- need Fab fragment to bind to antigen
- sensitize recipient for hypersensative reaction
- inhibit the endogenous Ab response of the recipient
14
Q
active immunization
A
- antigens administered
- immune responses induced in recipient
- humoral/cell mediated responses
- immunological memory
15
Q
active immunization: protection levels
A
- strong protective immunity- no infection
- infected, but clinically well
- infected with much reduced and mild form of disease
- failure= no protection
