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Hematology/Immunology Part 2 > Vaccinations and Disease Control > Flashcards

Vaccinations and Disease Control Flashcards

1
Q

What do antigens in a vaccine stimulate?

A

Macrophages, T cells, B cells

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2
Q

What role do macrophages play after vaccination?

A

Ingest proteins into small antigen remnants

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3
Q

What do MHC molecules do after macrophages ingest antigens?

A

Display the antigen

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4
Q

What happens after T cells recognize the antigen?

A

Stimulation of B cells to secrete antibodies

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5
Q

Why does the immune system respond to vaccines as if they were real viruses?

A

It does not differentiate between the vaccine and the real virus

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6
Q

Why do we need more than one dose of some vaccines?

A

Immunity wanes with age

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7
Q

What is the purpose of booster doses?

A

To re-expose the immune system to the antigen to improve protection

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8
Q

What are the common side effects of the MMR vaccine within 6-14 days of injection?

A

Fever, rash, joint pain

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9
Q

What are the uncommon side effects of the MMR vaccine?

A

Febrile seizures, low platelets

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10
Q

How can the need for re-vaccination be measured?

A

By measuring anamnestic response (titers)

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11
Q

How many doses of the MMR vaccine are given to children?

A

2 doses

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12
Q

What could a high level of immune response from a booster trigger?

A

Arthus reaction

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13
Q

At what ages are children typically given the MMR vaccine?

A

Around 1 and 5 years

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14
Q

What is an Arthus reaction?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reaction causing local vasculitis

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15
Q

What factors affect vaccine response?

A

Smoking, diet, stress, genetics, recent illness, aging, timing

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16
Q

How many doses of the MMR vaccine do adults over 18 need if born after 1956?

A

One dose

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17
Q

At what ages is the DTAP vaccine administered?

A

2, 4, 6, 15 months and age 5

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18
Q

When should titers be drawn after vaccination?

A

No less than 4 weeks after vaccination

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19
Q

What are the most common side effects of the DTAP vaccine?

A

Fever, redness, and pain at the injection site

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20
Q

What are the types of vaccinations mentioned?

A

Live vaccines

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21
Q

What are some less common side effects of the DTAP vaccine?

A

Fussiness, fatigue

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22
Q

Why was the live oral polio vaccine (OPV) discontinued in the US?

A

Associated with paralytic disease in 1 out of 2.4 million patients

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23
Q

Since when has the OPV not been used in the US?

A

Since 2000

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24
Q

Who adapted the slides for the presentation?

A

Kayla Martinez, PA-C

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25
Q

What is the current recommendation for polio vaccination in the US?

A

Use IPV only

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26
Q

What are rare but serious side effects of the DTAP vaccine?

A

Seizure, crying, high fever over 105 F

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27
Q

Who is the original author of the slides?

A

Janet Furman, PhD, PA-C, DFAAPA

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28
Q

What is the adult booster dose for DTAP called?

A

Tdap

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29
Q

What is the composition of the IPV vaccine?

A

Mixture of live and attenuated viral strains

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30
Q

What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

Inactivated, conjugate vaccine

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31
Q

What is the seroconversion rate of the varicella vaccine in children?

A

95%

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32
Q

Who should routinely receive the Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

Children and unvaccinated health care workers

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33
Q

What is the adult schedule for the Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

3 doses, with second and third doses 1 and 6 months after the first dose

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34
Q

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine and in what year?

A

Edward Jenner in 1796

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35
Q

What is the seroconversion rate of the varicella vaccine in adults?

A

70%

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36
Q

What virus did Edward Jenner use to develop the smallpox vaccine?

A

Cowpox

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37
Q

What is the modern name for the virus used in the smallpox vaccine?

A

Vaccinia

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38
Q

How long after exposure can the smallpox vaccine prevent or lessen symptoms?

A

Within 3 days

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39
Q

When was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory for infants in England?

A

1853

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40
Q

What option was available for those who opposed the compulsory smallpox vaccination in England?

A

Conscientious objection

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41
Q

When did the smallpox vaccination become non-compulsory by law in England?

A

1907

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42
Q

Around what year did most US states mandate the smallpox vaccine?

A

Circa 1972

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43
Q

What was the landmark case that upheld mandatory vaccination in the US?

A

Jacobson v Massachusetts

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44
Q

What should be done if the Hepatitis B vaccine series is interrupted?

A

It does not need to be restarted

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45
Q

What are the side effects of the varicella vaccine?

A

Rash, low grade fever, soreness at injection site

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46
Q

What provides immediate protection for unvaccinated individuals exposed to Hepatitis B?

A

HBIG and HBV

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47
Q

How many doses of the varicella vaccine are given to children?

A

2 doses

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48
Q

When did the WHO begin eradication efforts for smallpox?

A

1967

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49
Q

What is the dosing schedule for the varicella vaccine in adolescents or adults with no varicella history?

A

4-8 weeks apart

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50
Q

What vaccination strategy was used in the eradication of smallpox?

A

Ring vaccinations

51
Q

What are common side effects of the Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

Headache, dizziness, irritability, injection site soreness

52
Q

Can the varicella vaccine be administered after exposure to the virus?

A

Yes, within 3-5 days

53
Q

Who should not receive the varicella vaccine?

A

Pregnant or immunocompromised individuals

54
Q

Why can’t we eradicate measles?

A

Due to recent outbreaks caused by vaccine hesitancy

55
Q

What does the HPV vaccine consist of?

A

Virus-like particles (VPLs) of the major capsid protein of HPV

56
Q

What are the two options for mpox vaccination?

A

Jynneos and ACAM2000

57
Q

When were measles declared eliminated in a specific area?

A

2000

58
Q

Which HPV strains does Gardasil 9 target?

A

6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58

59
Q

At what age is the HPV vaccine recommended?

A

Ages 11-12, but can be given starting at 9

60
Q

What type of virus is used in the Jynneos vaccine?

A

Live attenuated orthopoxvirus MVA

61
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be declared eliminated?

A

Absence of continuous disease transmission for 12 months or more in a specific area

62
Q

How many doses of the HPV vaccine are needed if started between ages 15-26 or if immunocompromised?

A

Three doses

63
Q

What is the period between exposure and rash for measles?

A

14-21 days

64
Q

Who is eligible for pre-exposure prophylaxis with the Jynneos vaccine?

A

18+ at risk for mpox

65
Q

Can the HPV vaccine be given during pregnancy?

A

No

66
Q

What are the side effects of the Jynneos vaccine?

A

Pain, redness, swelling at injection site; fatigue, headache, chills, myalgias

67
Q

What is the period between exposure and rash for smallpox?

A

7-10 days

68
Q

What can the HPV vaccine prevent?

A

Persistent infection, genital warts, and cervical/anal cancers due to HPV

69
Q

What is an early symptom of smallpox?

A

Rash

70
Q

What are the contraindications for the Jynneos vaccine?

A

Anaphylaxis with previous dose

71
Q

What are common side effects of the HPV vaccine?

A

Pain/redness at injection site, fever, dizziness, headache, nausea

72
Q

What type of virus is used in the ACAM2000 vaccine?

A

Live vaccinia virus

73
Q

Where can you find more information about vaccines and preventable diseases?

A

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/index

74
Q

What type of vaccine is the Haemophilus influenzae b (HIB) vaccine?

A

Conjugate vaccine

75
Q

What do conjugate vaccines consist of?

A

Polysaccharides from surface coat of bacteria linked to protein carriers

76
Q

At what ages is the HIB vaccine administered?

A

2, 4, 6 months and a booster at 12-15 months

77
Q

Where can you find a detailed article on the history of smallpox vaccination?

A

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905528/

78
Q

What is the purpose of conjugate vaccines?

A

Prevention of bacterial infections

79
Q

Who should receive the HIB vaccine if older than 5 years?

A

Individuals with asplenia or sickle cell disease

80
Q

Where can you find the adult immunization schedule?

A

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html

81
Q

What is the dosing schedule for the PCV 13 vaccine?

A

2, 4, 6 months, and 1 year

82
Q

What are common side effects of the HIB vaccine?

A

Low grade fever, erythema, and pain at injection site

83
Q

What are the two types of influenza vaccines?

A

Nasal (live) and injectable (conjugate)

84
Q

Who is recommended to receive the PCV 13 vaccine?

A

Some adults age 65+ and those 19-64 with immunocompromise, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants

85
Q

What diseases does the PCV 13 vaccine protect against?

A

Pneumonia and meningitis

86
Q

Who is at most risk for influenza?

A

Young, elderly, and healthcare workers

87
Q

What are the side effects of the PCV 13 vaccine?

A

Fussiness, sleepiness, injection site inflammation, low grade fever

88
Q

Why is the influenza vaccine changed every year?

A

Based on strain prediction (antigenic cartography)

89
Q

What is a challenge in developing influenza vaccines?

A

Influenza mutates rapidly, has antigenic diversity, and can be pandemic

90
Q

Who is recommended to receive the PPSV 23 vaccine?

A

All adults over age 65, age 2-64 with chronic health issues, weakened immune system, age 19-64 with asthma or smokers

91
Q

Why is yearly vaccination needed for influenza?

A

Due to decline in antibody production over time and antigenic drift

92
Q

What are the three types of influenza vaccines?

A

Egg-based, cell-based, recombinant

93
Q

What are the side effects of the PPSV 23 vaccine?

A

Erythema, soreness at injection site, fever, myalgias in 1 out of 100

94
Q

What is a suggested first step in improving influenza vaccination?

A

A vaccine against all strains of Influenza A

95
Q

How does the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine work?

A

Gives instructions to make the spike protein and cell then destroys the mRNA

96
Q

Why is the PCV 13 vaccine used in children under 2 years of age instead of PPSV 23?

A

PPSV 23 is not as effective in children less than 2 years of age

97
Q

What does the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine cause the body to produce?

A

Antibodies to the spike portion of the virus

98
Q

What is the recommended sequence of pneumococcal vaccines for adults over 65 years old?

A

PCV 13 first, then PPSV 23 about a year later

99
Q

Is the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine a live or killed virus?

A

Neither

100
Q

What is the combination vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis called?

A

DTaP

101
Q

What is the schedule for the Zoster vaccine (Shingrix)?

A

2 doses at least 2 and up to 6 months apart

102
Q

What is the dosing schedule for the DTaP vaccine?

A

2, 4, 6, 15 months and age 5

103
Q

Who should receive the Zoster vaccine?

A

All adults over 50, even if they have had zoster or varicella in the past

104
Q

When should the Zoster vaccine not be administered?

A

During active shingles

105
Q

What are the common side effects of the DTaP vaccine?

A

Fever, redness and pain at injection site, fussiness, fatigue

106
Q

What are the severe side effects of the DTaP vaccine?

A

Seizure, crying, high fever over 105 F

107
Q

What is the booster dose for adults called for diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis?

A

Tdap

108
Q

What are common side effects of the Zoster vaccine?

A

Site soreness, fever, chills, headache, nausea, rash

109
Q

What type of vaccine is the RSV vaccine?

A

Recombinant RSV F protein antigen

110
Q

Who may benefit from the RSV vaccine?

A

Adults over 60 with risk factors for severe disease

111
Q

What is the efficacy of the RSV vaccine in the first season?

A

83-89%

112
Q

What are common side effects of the RSV vaccine?

A

Pain, redness, swelling at injection site; fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias/arthralgias

113
Q

What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

Inactivated

114
Q

At what age is the Hepatitis A vaccine routinely given to children?

A

Between 12 and 23 months old

115
Q

What is the adult schedule for the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

2 doses, 6 months apart

116
Q

What provides protection for exposure to Hepatitis A?

A

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IG

117
Q

What are common side effects of the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

Local pain and swelling

118
Q

What are indications for the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

Travel to endemic countries, IV drug use, chronic liver disease

119
Q

What are contraindications for the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

Mild illness, severe life-threatening allergy

120
Q

At what ages is the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) administered?

A

2, 4, and 6 months and 4-6 years

121
Q

Who should receive the IPV vaccine as adults?

A

Unvaccinated individuals traveling to endemic areas, lab workers handling the virus, healthcare workers treating polio patients

122
Q

What are common side effects of the IPV vaccine?

A

Mild illness, injection site soreness

123
Q

What is an example of a disease eradicated by vaccination?

A

Smallpox

124
Q

Should Pregnant women receive the Covid-19 vaccine?

A

Yes

Hematology/Immunology Part 2 (9 decks)

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