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Microorganisms + Disease > Vaccination L15 > Flashcards

Vaccination L15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is passive immunisation

A

administering preformed antibodies eg derived from blood donors, animals

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2
Q

what is the problem with injecting antibodies

A

inject antibodies and immediately work

Problem that the antibodies have a finite half-life, they are then again just as susceptible

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3
Q

what is protection for passive immunisation

A

immediate

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4
Q

what memory is caused by passive immunisation

A

No immunological memory generated

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5
Q

what response is caused by passive immunisation

A

No immune response stimulated in the recipient

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6
Q

what is active immunisation

A

Stimulate host to generate immune response

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7
Q

what is a vaccine

A

collection of immunological determinants which stimulate host immune system leading to generation of an appropriate immune response

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8
Q

what do Th B cells make

A

antibody

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9
Q

what is the Th B cells response

A

humoral response

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10
Q

what do Th Tc cells make

A

cell mediated immunity

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11
Q

what is the primary immune response graph like

A

Primary doesn’t go that high and goes

back down

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12
Q

what is the secondary immune response graph like

A

Shorter time to be generated as some memory b cells left from first immunisation, will last longer possibly life

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13
Q

what is the primary immune response like

A

Long lag period
Lower level of response
Shorter-lasting

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14
Q

what is the secondary immune response like

A

Faster
Higher level of response
Longer lasting

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15
Q

what is the aim of vaccination

A

Create immunological memory
Generate secondary rather than primary response when challenged
- increase speed
- increase magnitude

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16
Q

what should a vaccination do

A

Tip balance of virus/host interaction towards HOST

17
Q

what are the types of vaccine

A

live/dead
live attenuated
dead

18
Q

what must happen to live vaccines to be used

A

attenuated

19
Q

what is attenuation

A

Manipulate the genome of the virus to make it not pathogenic

Molecular manipulation

20
Q

how is an attenuated vaccine made

A

through trial and error

As disease grows in cell culture it will adapt and change due to mutations, this will cause it to be attenuate

21
Q

what do live vaccines cause

A

broad response - all parts of organism

humoral and cellular

22
Q

what happens when live attenuated vaccine injected

A

replicate once injected, cause an amplification of the response, all the proteins of the virus are expressed = broad response

23
Q

how many doses of live attenuated vaccine needed

A

may require only single dose

24
Q

what are the disadvantages of live vaccines

A 
Reversion to virulence
- e.g. polio excreted in bowel
Not applicable to all organisms
Storage problems
- Cold-chain
25
Q

examples of live vaccines

A

Polio (Sabin) – no longer used in UK
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
BCG

26
Q

what are dead vaccines

A

Short-lived immunity
Multiple doses + boosters
Must be sure its dead!
Killing may alter structure

27
Q

advantages of dead vaccines

A

No reversion to virulence

More stable

28
Q

how are the dead vaccines subunit made

A

Prepared by molecular biological techniques

29
Q

example of dead vaccines subunit

A

Hepatitis B virus – vaccine is HBsAg only

30
Q

what is a dead vaccine

A

Purified, is not live, cannot get disease as it never contained whole virus, only the surface antigen to get immunity against it

31
Q

what happens with dead vaccine subunit: Hepatitis B virus – vaccine is HBsAg only

A

Surface antigen that binds to liver cells in hepatitis B – need decent antibodies against the surface antigen to prevent hepatitis B

32
Q

how can vaccines be administered

A

intramuscular
subcut
oral
inhalation

33
Q

what makes a vaccine work better when administered

A

Need the immunity at the site of infection, if can administer the vaccine like how infects will work better

34
Q

is more doses better

A

more doses less likely to be effective

35
Q

what are the contradictions to vaccination

A
  • Acute febrile illness - if patient is ill should postpone vaccine
  • Allergy to vaccine component
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Pregnancy, not vaccinated unless necessary
  • Many false contraindications
36
Q

what is false contradiction

A

many false reasons people give for not wanting to be vaccinated

37
Q

what must be considered with vaccinations

A

risk of infection
will the vaccine work
what are the risks of vaccination
cost of vaccination

38
Q

what are the risks of vaccinations

A
  1. adverse reactions
  2. vaccine stability - storage, reversion to virulence
  3. particular risks - pregnancy, immune deficiency, allergies, other therapy

Microorganisms + Disease (16 decks)

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