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Microorganisms + Disease > Fungal Pathogens L14 > Flashcards

Fungal Pathogens L14 Flashcards

1
Q

what do eukaryotic fungi contain

A

nucleus

nuclear membrane

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2
Q

what can happen in eukaryotic fungi

A

mitosis

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3
Q

what are saprophytic fungi

A

live on dead / decaying material

not causing disease

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4
Q

what is parasitic fungi

A

live on another organism at its expense

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5
Q

what is the fungal cell wall like

A

Firm polysaccharide structure

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6
Q

what is fungal cell wall similar to

A

similar to higher plants / animals

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7
Q

what is fungi cell wall made of

A

cellulose

chitin

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8
Q

what are hyphae

A

long filamentous structures grow on surface of food

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9
Q

what may fungal cell walls exist as

A

single cells (yeasts) or as connecting filaments or hyphae (moulds)

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10
Q

which are bigger fungi or bacteria

A

fungi

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11
Q

what nucleus do fungi have

A

eukaryotic

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12
Q

what nucleus do bacteria have

A

prokaryotic

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13
Q

what is in the cytoplasm of fungi

A

mitrochondria

ER etc

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14
Q

what is in the cytoplasm of bacteria

A

no organelles

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15
Q

what is the bacteria cell wall

A

muramic acid

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16
Q

is dimorphism present in fungi

A

may be present

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17
Q

is dimorphism present in bacteria

A

never

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18
Q

how do fungal moulds grow

A

Grow by elongation or lateral branching

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19
Q

how do fungal yeasts grow

A

budding

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20
Q

how does fungal reproduce

A

asexual

sexual

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21
Q

what is asexual fungal reproduction

A

Dissemination of spores singly or in multitudes from specialised structures

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22
Q

what is sexual fungal reproduction

A

fungi are haploid – meiosis takes place following fusion

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23
Q

can we inhale spores

A

Form spores as a reproductive state

Spores spread in air, we can inhale these spores as they disseminate

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24
Q

what are the yeasts

A

Spherical, often budding

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25
Q

example of yeast

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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26
Q

what are yeast-like fungi

A

yeasts but elongated, pseudomycelia may be seen

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27
Q

example of yeast-like

A

Candida albicans

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28
Q

what are filamentous fungi

A

form a carpet or layer (mould)

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29
Q

examples are filamentous fungi

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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30
Q

what are dimorphic fungi

A

may exist as yeasts or filamentous forms

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31
Q

examples of dimorphic fungi

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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32
Q

what is considered in medically important dungi

A

frequency
pathogenicity
therapeutics

33
Q

what is frequency of medically-important fungi

A

extremely common infections

34
Q

examples of frequent medical-important fungi

A

candidiasis and ringworm

35
Q

what is pathogenicity of medically-important fungi

A

some are highly pathogenic

36
Q

examples of high pathogenicity medical fungi

A

e.g. Histoplasma or cause significant mortality in the immunocompromised e.g. Aspergillus fumigatus

37
Q

what is therapeutics in medical fungi

A

treatment options are limited compared to bacterial infections

38
Q

can fungi cause problems

A

Generally fungal infections don’t cause problems, can be very serious in those that are immunosuppressed

39
Q

how are superficial diseases caused by fungi

A

hair, nails, mucous membranes – changes in host resistance and normal flora, or physical contact

40
Q

how are subcutaneous diseases caused by fungi

A

skin or deeper tissues, often from soil e.g. Sporothrix schenckii. Commoner in developing world

41
Q

how are systemic diseases caused by fungi

A

inhalation e.g. spores → If in lungs can cause pneumonia then can invade bloodstream (candida)

42
Q

are diseases caused by fungi transmissible

A

Some are transmissible from person-to-person contact – superficial ones, not too serious

43
Q

how can fungal diseases be diagnosed

A 
clinical suspicion
microscopy 
culture
histology
antibody/antigen
44
Q

how are fungal diseases diagnosed via clinical suspicion

A

e.g. fever unresponsive to antibacterials. Meningitis or pneumonia in the immunocompromised

45
Q

how are fungal diseases diagnosed via microscopy

A

Gram’s stain, India ink, wet prep

46
Q

how are fungal diseases diagnosed via culture

A

Sabouraud’s agar, Neutral glucose peptone agar +/- chloramphenicol

47
Q

how are fungal diseases diagnosed via histology

A

Grocott’s stain

48
Q

how are fungal diseases diagnosed via antibody/antigen

A

candida/aspergillus precipitins; galactomannan

49
Q

what happens in superficial infection fungal diagnosis

A

skin scrapings for microscopy (KOH – make skin cells translucent can see if fungal cells there) and culture

50
Q

what happens in systemic infections fungal diagnosis

A

blood cultures, grow bacteria from the blood. tissue (e.g. lung biopsy), serology or antigen detection (more invasive techniques)

51
Q

what are yeast-like fungi part of

A

GI and respiratory flora

52
Q

what are the yeast-like fungi like

A

Opportunistic pathogens

53
Q

what are the yeast-like structures overgrowth/infection predisposed by

A 
diabetes mellitus
malignancy
defects in CMI
trauma
drugs
54
Q

what does diabetes mellitus cause

A

these organisms cause a problem, will grow on sugar as a nutrient and use it

55
Q

what is malignancy

A

immunosuppressant therapy

56
Q

what is CMI

A

cell mediated immunity

57
Q

what is the effect of CMI defects

A

don’t have functioning phagocytic cells, so organisms can overgrown and cause problem

58
Q

what can trauma cause

A

organisms may be pushed into different sites

59
Q

what do ringworms infect

A

keratinous tissues of the hair, nails and skin, uses the keratin

60
Q

are ringworms contagious

A

only contagious mycosis from humans or animals

Animals and humans get infected can infect each other vice versa

61
Q

how are ringworms diagnosed

A

clinical, scrapings for microscopy and culture

62
Q

what is the treatment of ringworms

A

clotrimazole, terbinafine

63
Q

what do filamentous fungi have

A

Ubiquitous spores (all over the place) – soil, dust (building work)

64
Q

what clinical illnesses do filamentous fungi cause

A

pulmonary
systemic
other e.g. sinusitis

65
Q

what causes the pulmonary clinical illnesses - filamentous fungi

A

breathe in spore and can cause asthma, if starts to grow in the lung can cause fungal ball which can lead to invasive aspergillosis and into blood stream so around the body to e.g. brain

66
Q

examples of pulmonary clinical illness - filamentous fungi

A

Asthma (Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [ABPA])
Aspergilloma (fungal ball)
Invasive aspergillosis

67
Q

examples of systemic clinical illness - filamentous fungi

A

Lung, renal, cerebral (immunocompromised)

68
Q

with Cryptococcus neoformans where is it found

A

Environmental organism: soil, bird droppings

69
Q

what is Cryptococcus neoformans

A

true yeast

opportunistic pathogen

70
Q

what is the clinical problem that Cryptococcus neoformans cause

A

meningitis in HIV / cancer patients; pulmonary disease (pneumonia / nodules); disseminated

71
Q

what does Cryptococcus neoformans cause

A

defects in CMI

72
Q

how is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed

A

clinical suspicion
microscopy
culture
antigen detection

73
Q

how is Cryptococcus neoformans clinical suspicion diagnosed

A

(signs + symptoms; e.g. meningitis in an HIV patient)

74
Q

how is Cryptococcus neoformans microscopy diagnosed

A

India Ink stain on CSF

75
Q

how is Cryptococcus neoformans culture diagnosed

A

CSF, blood

76
Q

how is Cryptococcus neoformans antigen detection

A

CSF, blood

77
Q

what do dimorphic fungi exist as

A

a mould in the environment; but as a yeast in tissues

78
Q

how are histoplasma capsulatum detected

A

Xray detect in lungs

Lower temp form filamentous structures

Microorganisms + Disease (16 decks)

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