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Therapeutic Immunology > Vaccination Against Bacteria > Flashcards

Vaccination Against Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of vaccine

A

Suspension of live or inactivated microorganisms or fractions thereof administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease or its sequelae

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2
Q

What is natural passive immunisation

A

Placental trasnfer of IgG
Colostral trasnfer of IgA

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3
Q

What is artificial passive immunisation?

A

Immunoglobulin
Immune cells - transfer
Horses are often source of immunoglobulins used in passive activation of immunity

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4
Q

What 3 diseases are largely mediated by toxins?

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Botulism

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5
Q

Why dont you use the toxins in vaccine and what do you use instead?

A

Use toxoids instead as they may have been treated with heat or formaldehyde

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6
Q

Pros of passive immunisation?

A

Immediate protection

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7
Q

Cons of passive immunisation?

A

No long term protection
Serum sickness
Risk of infectious diseases - particularly if immunoglobulins are derived from humans
Graft v host disease (cell graft only)

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8
Q

What is natural active immunisation?

A

Exposure to sub-clinical infection
Exposure to cross-reactive non-pathogens

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9
Q

What is artificial active immunisation?

A

Attenuated organisms
Killed organisms
Heterologous organisms - mycobacterium bovis used in BCG vaccine
Sub-cellular fractions

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10
Q

What is the effect of Th2 cells on interferon gamma production?

A

Th2 cells inhibit interferon gamma production

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11
Q

What type of immunity does Th1 mainly lead to?

A

Cell mediated immunity
Produces interferon gamma, inhibits proliferation of Th2 cells

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12
Q

What are bacterial vaccine targets?

A

Secretion proteins
Polysaccharide
Wall assocaited proteins in gram +ve

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13
Q

What is an ideal vaccine?

A

Given orally
Generates long lasting protective immunity
Stimulates B and T cells
Provides cross-protective immunity
Is effective in all age groups
Safe, cheap, stable

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14
Q

What are the criteria for the antigen in vaccine development?

A

Conservation
Accessibility
Generation of functional immunity
Cross-protective

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15
Q

What are the criteria for safety of vaccines?

A

Risks from natural disease must outweigh risks of vaccination
Strict good manufacturing practice observed
Records kept of administration and manufacturing details

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16
Q

What is the problem with RNA vaccines?

A

RNA is very labile, doesn’t last long in the lab when handled, can be easily degraded so have to be clinically modified

17
Q

How are bacterial mini cells created?

A

Certain mutations in bacterial chromosomes give rise to mini cells, dont contain a chromosome but do contain plasmids

18
Q

What is an example for salmonella using minicells vaccine?

A

Getting expression of type 3 secretion system, get them to express this but dont replicate so dont cause disease
Can put this into body and get immunity

19
Q

What does the BCG vaccine offer immunity against?

A

Protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis

20
Q

What are the 6 major serogroups responsible for human disease in meningitis ?

A

A B C W X Y

21
Q

What were the first vaccines that were developed for meningitis?

A

Developed against A and C 30 years ago and were T cell independent vaccines

22
Q

What is the problem with capsular polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Are safe and effective but do not induce class switching or immunological memory
Not good for young children

23
Q

Why have polysaccharide vaccines based on serogroup B polysaccharide not been possible?

A

There is a molecule found in the body in this, so it is a self antigen so immune system doesn’t respond to this

24
Q

Why is cuban vaccine only successful in Cuba?

A

Due to heterogeneity of porA in Cuba

25
Q

What is PorA in OMP vaccines?

A

An immunocompetent protective antigen

26
Q

What other OMPs have been investigated?

A

PorB, FetA, NspA, App

27
Q

Why is there increasing importance for gonococcal vaccines?

A

Due to increasing AMR

28
Q

Vaccination with what seem to offer some protection against N. Gonorrhoea?

A

Vaccine against N. Meningitidis with OMV-based vaccines

29
Q

What are examples of new group B meningococcal vaccines?

A

BEXSERO
TRUMENBA

Therapeutic Immunology (13 decks)

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