V3 Common Characteristics of Vertebrates Pt 2

Question 0

Original parts that made up digestive system in vertebrates:

Answer 0

• mouth (tongue)
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• liver
• pancreatic cells
• cloaca

Question 1

Digestive System provides:

Answer 1

• release nutrients from food
• process & store nutrients
• neutralize toxins in food

Example: plant material often toxic to avoid being eaten so important to detoxify

Question 2

Why don’t lamprey have a stomach?

Answer 2

Diet of blood so doesn’t need a stomach

Question 3

Tongue

Answer 3

Lamprey: have a protrusible tongue with horny teeth

Fishes: helps to hold prey

Tetrapods: evolved mobility and musculature to catch prey

Mammals: spiny structures that help to rasp flesh from bone

Question 4

Mouth

Answer 4

Teeth reflect the nature of the organisms diet

Question 5

Esophagus

Answer 5

Fishes & amphibians: very short

Birds: specialized crop for food storage reduce the frequency of feeding while maintaining a high metabolic rate

Amniotes: long because of long necks

Question 6

Intestine

Answer 6

Adapted to type of food and lifestyle

Chondrichthyes have short

Fishes: start to coil

Birds & mammals: much longer with cecum and empties to cloaca

Question 7

Small intestine has what on it’s many folds?

Answer 7

• Villi that has many epithelial cells containing micro villi (feels like velvet)
• absorbs nutrients and transports them
• folds redirect and promote mixing in digestion

Question 8

Peristalsis

Answer 8

The wave-like contractions of the ring like circular smooth muscle in the intestinal tract to push food through.

THINK: toothpaste tube and video

Question 9

Respiration functions for what?

Answer 9

Gas exchange: O2, CO2

Other things: heat, salts, nitrogenous waste

Question 10

Cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange

Answer 10

Breathing through vascularized skin

Mostly amphibians

Question 11

In original vertebrates respiration occurred through

Answer 11

Cutaneous exchange and through vascularized pharyngeal/ gill foldings with muscles for pumping water.

Question 12

Circulatory system function?

Answer 12

Transports via blood:

• oxygen
• nutrients
• antibodies
• hormones
• wastes
• heat

Hanhow

Question 13

Original chordate circulatory system had what type of heart?

Answer 13

• “4 chambered”
  CaVASv

Conus arteriosus
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus

Question 14

The original circulatory system:

Answer 14

• closed
• single circuit (no pulmonary & systemic)
• no divisions between ventricles
• pump in series

Question 15

Lymphatic system

Answer 15

Recovers fluid and nutrients lost by the capillary systems in each circuit and returns back to the heart.

Question 16

Kidney functions

Answer 16

• Osmoregulation

- elimination of nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia, uric acid or urea

Question 17

Kidneys originate from what?

Answer 17

The Nephrotomes underneath the Somites which develop underneath the notochord

Question 18

Types of kidneys originally

Answer 18

Pronephros in embryo and opisthonephros in adult

Question 19

Pronephros

Answer 19

The primitive kidney (testes are seperate, no urine ducts)

Embryonic to: all verts except mammals

Functional to: adult hagfishes

Question 20

Mesonephros

Answer 20

Embryonic to: embryonic amniotes

Functional to: adult fishes and amphibians

Question 21

Metanephros

Answer 21

The most complex kidney

• separate ureters for urine & sperm
• more compact

Functional to: adult amniotes

Question 22

What was nitrogenous waste released as originally?

Answer 22

Ammonia

- highly soluble and cheap to produce

Question 23

Reproductive system function?

Answer 23

• production of gametes
• release of gametes
• may support embryo development

Question 24

Original reproductive systems

Answer 24

• gonads were multicellular

- fertilization external

Question 25

Endocrine system functions?

Answer 25

• communication

- coordination

Question 26

Endocrine glands

Answer 26

• no ducts

- secrete hormones that stimulate

Question 27

Exocrine glands

Answer 27

• ducts
• secrete chemicals into ducts that empty into body cavities or onto body surfaces

THINK: physical- sweat glands/ salivary glands

Question 28

Pineal gland

Answer 28

• brain
• synthesize melatonin
• regulates seasonal and diurnal cycles

Question 29

Pituitary gland

Answer 29

• brain

- master gland (stress growth reproduction lactation)

Question 30

Thyroid gland

Answer 30

• neck
• originated from endostyle
• regulate growth and development and metabolic rate