V3 Common Characteristics of Vertebrates Pt 2 Flashcards
Original parts that made up digestive system in vertebrates:
- mouth (tongue)
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- liver
- pancreatic cells
- cloaca
Digestive System provides:
- release nutrients from food
- process & store nutrients
- neutralize toxins in food
Example: plant material often toxic to avoid being eaten so important to detoxify
Why don’t lamprey have a stomach?
Diet of blood so doesn’t need a stomach
Tongue
Lamprey: have a protrusible tongue with horny teeth
Fishes: helps to hold prey
Tetrapods: evolved mobility and musculature to catch prey
Mammals: spiny structures that help to rasp flesh from bone
Mouth
Teeth reflect the nature of the organisms diet
Esophagus
Fishes & amphibians: very short
Birds: specialized crop for food storage reduce the frequency of feeding while maintaining a high metabolic rate
Amniotes: long because of long necks
Intestine
Adapted to type of food and lifestyle
Chondrichthyes have short
Fishes: start to coil
Birds & mammals: much longer with cecum and empties to cloaca
Small intestine has what on it’s many folds?
- Villi that has many epithelial cells containing micro villi (feels like velvet)
- absorbs nutrients and transports them
- folds redirect and promote mixing in digestion
Peristalsis
The wave-like contractions of the ring like circular smooth muscle in the intestinal tract to push food through.
THINK: toothpaste tube and video
Respiration functions for what?
Gas exchange: O2, CO2
Other things: heat, salts, nitrogenous waste
Cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange
Breathing through vascularized skin
Mostly amphibians
In original vertebrates respiration occurred through
Cutaneous exchange and through vascularized pharyngeal/ gill foldings with muscles for pumping water.
Circulatory system function?
Transports via blood:
- oxygen
- nutrients
- antibodies
- hormones
- wastes
- heat
Hanhow
Original chordate circulatory system had what type of heart?
- “4 chambered”
CaVASv
Conus arteriosus
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
The original circulatory system:
- closed
- single circuit (no pulmonary & systemic)
- no divisions between ventricles
- pump in series
Lymphatic system
Recovers fluid and nutrients lost by the capillary systems in each circuit and returns back to the heart.
Kidney functions
- Osmoregulation
- elimination of nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia, uric acid or urea
Kidneys originate from what?
The Nephrotomes underneath the Somites which develop underneath the notochord
Types of kidneys originally
Pronephros in embryo and opisthonephros in adult
Pronephros
The primitive kidney (testes are seperate, no urine ducts)
Embryonic to: all verts except mammals
Functional to: adult hagfishes
Mesonephros
Embryonic to: embryonic amniotes
Functional to: adult fishes and amphibians
Metanephros
The most complex kidney
- separate ureters for urine & sperm
- more compact
Functional to: adult amniotes
What was nitrogenous waste released as originally?
Ammonia
- highly soluble and cheap to produce
Reproductive system function?
- production of gametes
- release of gametes
- may support embryo development
