V. Difficult TOB

Question 1

Name a place where stratified columnar epithelium can be found

Answer 1

Male urethra

Question 2

Define cilia

Answer 2

Specialised projections of the plasma membrane that contain a core of microtubules. They can beat in a synchronised fashion to propel material across the cell surface.

Question 3

What is a septum?

Answer 3

A dividing wall or membrane

Question 4

In the kidney, what stains darker: the medulla or cortex?

Answer 4

Cortex stains darker

Question 5

Describe the submucosa of the oesophagus

Answer 5

Dense, fibroelastic connective tissue containing glands.

Question 6

What shape are the cells of the basal layer?

Answer 6

Cuboidal/columnar

Question 7

What shape are the cells of the prickle cell layer?

Answer 7

Irregular, polyhedrals

Question 8

What makes up a pilosebaceous unit?

Answer 8

Hair follicle and sebaceous gland

Question 9

What are the tiny prickles called around cells in the stratum spinosum and what are they for?

Answer 9

They are called desmosomes. They bind the cells tightly together.

Question 10

What is sebum?

Answer 10

The oily secretion of sebaceous glands.

Question 11

Define microvilli

Answer 11

Sites of increased surface area to assist with absorptive processes. The shape is maintained by internal actin micro filament and they cannot beat in waves.

Question 12

Define stereocilia

Answer 12

Elongated microvilli which are immotile.

Question 13

Where would you find stereocilia?

Answer 13

Epididymis

Question 14

Which salivary gland is entirely serous?

Answer 14

Parotid

Question 15

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex and medulla?

Answer 15

Cortex = mesoderm origin
Medulla = ectodermal neural crest cell origin

Question 16

What are Chromaffin cells?

Answer 16

Large secretory cells of the adrenal medulla that release catecholamines.

Question 17

What are enkephalins?

Answer 17

Peptides involved in the control of pain.

Question 18

Name some of the enzymes in the pancreatic exocrine secretion

Answer 18

Trypsinogen, elastase, amylase, lipase, DNase, ribonuclease…

Question 19

What chemical nature does the exocrine secretion of the pancreas have?

Answer 19

Serous, bicarbonate-rich, alkaline fluid to buffer and neutralise the acidic contents from the stomach.

Question 20

What occurs in the nucleolus?

Answer 20

Ribosomal RNA is synthesised for ribosome assembly

Question 21

What does the dermis rest on?

Answer 21

The hypodermis: a layer of loose connective tissue with adipose cells, sweat and sebaceous glands and blood vessels.

Question 22

What is a aponeurosis?

Answer 22

A tendon flattened into a thin, broad sheet.

Question 23

What are some of the properties of dense CT?

Answer 23

Close packing of fibres, proportionally fewer cells and less ground substance than loose CT.

Question 24

Name 4 examples of dense, irregular CT

Answer 24

Dermis, periosteum, perichondrium and dura mater

Question 25

What are the 2 types of body hair?

Answer 25

Vellus and terminal

Question 26

What are vellus hairs?

Answer 26

Soft, fine, short and pale hairs present on most of the body's surface.

Question 27

What are terminal hairs?

Answer 27

Comparatively harder, longer, larger, coarser and darker hairs. Eg. Scalp and eyebrows

Question 28

If you have achondrioplasia, which gene is mutated?

Answer 28

FGFR3 gene

Question 29

What is the function of histamine?

Answer 29

Vasodilation and leakage of fluids into tissues.

Question 30

What is the function of heparin?

Answer 30

Prevents blood clotting

Question 31

What is the function of serotonin?

Answer 31

Constricts blood vessel walls

Question 32

Where are cell bodies located on sensory neurones?

Answer 32

Cell bodies are always in the middle of the nerve. Between 2 parts of axon or between a dendrite and an axon.

Question 33

Where are cell bodies located in efferent neurones?

Answer 33

Always at the end of the axon, surrounded by dendritic processes.

Question 34

What kind of hormone is PTH?

Answer 34

Peptide

Question 35

What is sub clinical hyperthyroidism?

Answer 35

Low or undetectable concentrations of TSH but T3 and T4 are within the reference ranges.

Question 36

What kind of hormone is TSH?

Answer 36

Glycoprotein

Question 37

What is the activated form of carbimazole?

Answer 37

Methimazole

Question 38

What are the 3 action of thyroid peroxidase?

Answer 38

It oxidises iodide to iodine, it adds iodine onto tyrosine residues and couples MIT or DIT with thyroglobulin.

Question 39

How does dopamine affect prolactin?

Answer 39

It inhibits the release

Question 40

What is transsphenoidal surgery?

Answer 40

Pituitary gland surgery where they go through the nose and the sphenoid sinus cavity.

Question 41

What is the role of LH in men?

Answer 41

Acts upon Leydig cells of the testes to control testosterone production.

Question 42

What is another name for somatostatin?

Answer 42

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Question 43

What are the 2 most significant factors in metabolic syndrome?

Answer 43

Insulin resistance and central obesity

Question 44

What is the role of LH?

Answer 44

Ovulation and secretion of sex hormones

Question 45

What is the role of FSH?

Answer 45

Development of gametes

Question 46

What kind of hormone is the thyroid hormone?

Answer 46

Amine

Question 47

Which enzyme converts cholesterol to cholesterol ester?

Answer 47

LCAT

Question 48

Which complex does cyanide inhibit?

Answer 48

Complex IV

Question 49

What 2 things could we look for in the plasma to diagnose an MI?

Answer 49

Creatine kinase or cardiac troponin

Question 50

What is the action of primaquine?

Answer 50

It further depletes the levels of glutathione which can cause a crisis state in those with G6PD deficiency as the cells are even more exposed to oxidative damage.

Question 51

Which NS has the simplest layout?

Answer 51

Somatic (it has only 1 neurone for efferent pathway)

Question 52

What are the features of the sympathetic NS efferent pathway?

Answer 52

There are 2 neurones. The preganglionic neurone is short and release ACh which binds to nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neurone. The postganglionic neurone is long and releases noradrenaline which activates adrenergic receptors of target tissues.

Question 53

What are the features of the parasympathetic NS efferent pathway?

Answer 53

There are 2 neurones. The preganglionic neurone is long and release ACh to bind to nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neurone. The postganglionic neurone is short (and within the walls of the effector organ) it release ACh which binds to muscarinic receptors.

Question 54

What are muscarinic receptors blocked by?

Answer 54

Atropine

Question 55

What changes about the sympathetic NS at the sweat glands and for ejaculation?

Answer 55

The postganglionic neurone secretes ACh too.

Question 56

Name a place where stratified cuboidal epithelium can be found

Answer 56

Glandular ducts