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Equine Med: MBTC > V. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EQUINE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

V. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EQUINE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Horses have highly developed hard and soft
palate

A

T

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2
Q

good indicator during distance observation

A

head position

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3
Q

most often checked lymph node;
easy to palpate

A

submandibular

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4
Q

very prominent bone in horses when examining the larynx

A

atlas

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5
Q

number of ribs covered by the lungs

A

all; 18 pairs of ribs

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6
Q

Normal sound: Generated in large airways but heard peripherally after
auscultation through aerated parenchyma;

soft, blowing, or rustling sounds

A

Vesicular

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7
Q

normal sound: Generated in the large airways;
loud, harsh breathing sounds with a midrange pitch

A

Bronchial

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8
Q

Abnormal sound: Lung sounds louder, because
sounds carried more efficiently

A

Consolidated areas

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9
Q

Abnormal sound: Lung sounds quieter, but heart
sounds louder

A

Pleural effusion

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10
Q

Abnormal sound: Both lung and heart sounds will
sound quieter because there’s air surrounding the lungs

A

Pneumothorax

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11
Q

Abnormal sound: Extra thoracic or large airway
obstruction

A

Increased inspiratory sound

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12
Q

Abnormal sound: Lower airway obstruction

A

Increased expiratory sounds

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13
Q

Good indicator of horse’s general health

A

Jugular vein

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14
Q

Distention or pulsation of the jugular veins may indicate ____ of blood flow to the heart

A

obstruction

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15
Q

Edema would first show in the ___ part due to gravity

A

ventral

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16
Q

common complication of edema in the ventral thorax and abdomen

A

laminitis

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17
Q

usually the first sign observed when the horses are trained intensively

A

exercise intolerance

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18
Q

Most used imaging in equine practice

A

Endoscopy

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19
Q

If not genetics, damage to this nerve in cases of Left Laryngeal Hemiplegia

A

Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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20
Q

Most common tx for LLH

A

Laryngoplasty

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21
Q

Laryngoplasty is indicated only for grades __ & ___ of what disease

A

Grades: 3&4
Dz: LLH

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22
Q

“Hobday” operation

Removal or cut away of laryngeal ventricle and vocal cord

A

Ventriculocordectomy

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23
Q

Top 2 meds used in equine medicine

A

Flunixin Meglumine
Phenylbutazone

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24
Q

Identify laryngeal grade: Partial abduction of the affected arytenoid cartilage (b/w full and the resting position)

A

2: slightly affected abduction, slightly curved

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25
Q

If epiglottis entrapment is recurrent - forms ____ and _____

A

fibrous tissue and ulceration

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26
Q

Identify laryngeal grade:

A
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27
Q

Identify laryngeal grade: real failure of abduction; resting position/triangle or bent inwards

A

3: abduction

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28
Q

Identify the laryngeal grade: Full abduction of the arytenoid cartilages during inspiration

A

1: no problem

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29
Q

Normal position of epiglottis:

A

placed dorsally to the trachea

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30
Q

Best tx for Epiglottic entrapment and Dorsal displacement of the soft palate:

A

Surgical transection

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31
Q

Procedure that is opposite of tie back:

A

Laryngeal tie-forwards

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32
Q

Conservative Tx for racehorses pre-race in cases of DDSP:

A

Tongue tie

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33
Q

Pulmonary functions test: Measure how the air goes in and out and around the lungs, bronchi, and trachea after compressing the area:

A

FOM: forced oscillatory mechanics

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34
Q

Pulmonary functions test: measure amount of air going in and out:

A

Open Plethysmography

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35
Q

Gold standard for checking upper respiratory issues:

A

Endoscopy

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36
Q

gold standard for EE, LLH, DDSP:

A

Endoscopy

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37
Q

2 possible differential diagnoses if both nostrils have exudates:

A

strangles, equine flu

38
Q

Morbidity and mortality in strangles cases:

A

High morbidity, Low mortality

39
Q

aggressive form of common cold:

A

Strangles

40
Q

T/F: strangles is not zoonotic, and is highly specialized in horses:

A

T

41
Q

T/F: strangles is usually self-limiting:

A

T

42
Q

Severe case of strangles:

A

Bastard strangles

43
Q

T/F: in cases of bastard strangles, antibiotics are not the first thing to be given:

A

T

44
Q

3 Tx for Bastard strangles (1st to last):

A
  • Supportive therapy
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics
45
Q

You want the horse to fight off infection naturally for: (2 answers)

A
  • Lasting immunity
  • Herd immunity
46
Q

When are antibiotics given in cases of bastard strangles?

A

when there is mild bacterial infection
other vets: kapag pumutok an and pus

47
Q

What kills animals in cases of Equine influenza?

A

Secondary bacterial infection

48
Q

Most commonly vaccinated dz in horses:

A

Equine influenza

49
Q
  • Loose aryepiglottic folds (ventral and bottom) & mucosa displace dorsally
  • “Wrapping” over the epiglottis
A

Epiglottic entrapment

50
Q

in cases of EE, what part wraps over and around the dorsal surface of epiglottis like a glove

A

Aryepiglottic fold/mucosal tissue

51
Q

Dz that is unique to horses

A

Guttural Pouch Infection

52
Q

Structures that closely interact and in close proximity with the pharynx

A

Guttural Pouch

53
Q

Inflammation or infection in the ______ = guttural pouch at risk

A

upper resp system

54
Q

Each pouch has a volume of _______

A

300-500 mL

55
Q

2 possible causes/forms of guttural pouch infection:

A
  • empyema (bacteria)
  • mycosis (fungi)
56
Q

which is more difficult to treat, fungi or bacteria?

A

fungi

57
Q

T/F: GP infection can happen before or after strangles

A

T

58
Q

more common infection that leads to guttural pouch infection?

A

upper respiratory infection

59
Q

entry point of guttural pouch

A

Guttural Pouch Ostia

60
Q

Equine form of asthma;
- a severe form of asthma and inflammation of respiratory tract

A

Heaves

61
Q

heaves affect what part of the respiratory tract?

A

Lower respiratory tract

62
Q

T/F: heaves have no sex predilection

A

T

63
Q

T/F: heaves are rarely see in horses less than 7
years old

A

T

64
Q

heaves is supposedly more prevalent in ____ countries than in _____ countries

A
  • temperate
  • tropical
65
Q

heaves is also termed as

A

broken wind

66
Q

Western name of heaves

A

Summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD)

67
Q

term used for the very dark line coursing along from mid to caudal part of horse’s thorax & abdomen

A

Heaves Line

68
Q

heaves line appears in ____ (acute or chronic) cases of heaves

A

chronic

69
Q

hypoxemia occurs in what disease?

A

Heaves

70
Q

patterns in imaging which is indicative of worst Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)

A

interstitial patterns

71
Q

breed of horse which have high tWBC count/ leukocytes in cases of heaves

A

Bulgarian draft horse

72
Q

More preferred drug (compared to prednisone) in horses as treatment for heaves

A

Prednisolone

73
Q

caused by intense training and exertion

A

Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
(EIPH)

74
Q

capillary membrane that is broken due to intense pressure and exercise

A

Pulmonary capillary membrane

75
Q

T/F: Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage causes blood in any part of respiratory system; not just in lungs and nasal

A

T

76
Q

Most dangerous among pulmonary bleedings

A

Lower respiratory tract bleeding

77
Q

Grading levels for severity of EIPH:
without blood pooling;
multiple stream/s > 1/3 circ.

A

Grade 3

78
Q

Grading levels for severity of EIPH: flecks or narrow streams

A

Grade 1

79
Q

Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
streams coalesce, form one big stream →
one big clot more severe than streaks
- multiple streams >90% tracheal surface

A

Grade 4

80
Q

Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
Flecks of narrow streams

A

Grade 1

81
Q

Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
long stream/s < 1/3 circ.

A

Grade 2

82
Q

test used to check which lobes are more predisposed
with EIPH

A

Pulmonary Function Testing

83
Q

procedure done to check contents of exudate missed by endoscope

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage

84
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotics for equine
(hint: ECSTaTiC for bacteriostatic)

A

Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

85
Q

Bactericidal antibiotics for equines
(hint: Very Proficient For Complete Cell Murder)

A

Vancomycin,
Penicillin,
Fluoroquinolones,
Cephalosporins,
Carbapenems,
Metronidazole

86
Q

most commonly used antibiotic for equines

A

penicillins

87
Q

Very strong backup drug for Procaine or Benzyl penicillin

A

Ceftiofur

88
Q

backup antibiotic that distributes well in urinary and
peritoneal parts of the body;

DO NOT GIVE IV - FATAL

A

Doxycycline

89
Q

backup antibiotic that must be avoided giving IM: nakakasunog ng muscles of horses

A

Enrofloxacin

90
Q

backup antibiotic with excellent anaerobic activity

A

Metronidazole

Equine Med: MBTC (6 decks)

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