V. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EQUINE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
T/F: Horses have highly developed hard and soft
palate
T
good indicator during distance observation
head position
most often checked lymph node;
easy to palpate
submandibular
very prominent bone in horses when examining the larynx
atlas
number of ribs covered by the lungs
all; 18 pairs of ribs
Normal sound: Generated in large airways but heard peripherally after
auscultation through aerated parenchyma;
soft, blowing, or rustling sounds
Vesicular
normal sound: Generated in the large airways;
loud, harsh breathing sounds with a midrange pitch
Bronchial
Abnormal sound: Lung sounds louder, because
sounds carried more efficiently
Consolidated areas
Abnormal sound: Lung sounds quieter, but heart
sounds louder
Pleural effusion
Abnormal sound: Both lung and heart sounds will
sound quieter because there’s air surrounding the lungs
Pneumothorax
Abnormal sound: Extra thoracic or large airway
obstruction
Increased inspiratory sound
Abnormal sound: Lower airway obstruction
Increased expiratory sounds
Good indicator of horse’s general health
Jugular vein
Distention or pulsation of the jugular veins may indicate ____ of blood flow to the heart
obstruction
Edema would first show in the ___ part due to gravity
ventral
common complication of edema in the ventral thorax and abdomen
laminitis
usually the first sign observed when the horses are trained intensively
exercise intolerance
Most used imaging in equine practice
Endoscopy
If not genetics, damage to this nerve in cases of Left Laryngeal Hemiplegia
Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Most common tx for LLH
Laryngoplasty
Laryngoplasty is indicated only for grades __ & ___ of what disease
Grades: 3&4
Dz: LLH
“Hobday” operation
Removal or cut away of laryngeal ventricle and vocal cord
Ventriculocordectomy
Top 2 meds used in equine medicine
Flunixin Meglumine
Phenylbutazone
Identify laryngeal grade: Partial abduction of the affected arytenoid cartilage (b/w full and the resting position)
2: slightly affected abduction, slightly curved
If epiglottis entrapment is recurrent - forms ____ and _____
fibrous tissue and ulceration
Identify laryngeal grade:
Identify laryngeal grade: real failure of abduction; resting position/triangle or bent inwards
3: abduction
Identify the laryngeal grade: Full abduction of the arytenoid cartilages during inspiration
1: no problem
Normal position of epiglottis:
placed dorsally to the trachea
Best tx for Epiglottic entrapment and Dorsal displacement of the soft palate:
Surgical transection
Procedure that is opposite of tie back:
Laryngeal tie-forwards
Conservative Tx for racehorses pre-race in cases of DDSP:
Tongue tie
Pulmonary functions test: Measure how the air goes in and out and around the lungs, bronchi, and trachea after compressing the area:
FOM: forced oscillatory mechanics
Pulmonary functions test: measure amount of air going in and out:
Open Plethysmography
Gold standard for checking upper respiratory issues:
Endoscopy
gold standard for EE, LLH, DDSP:
Endoscopy
2 possible differential diagnoses if both nostrils have exudates:
strangles, equine flu
Morbidity and mortality in strangles cases:
High morbidity, Low mortality
aggressive form of common cold:
Strangles
T/F: strangles is not zoonotic, and is highly specialized in horses:
T
T/F: strangles is usually self-limiting:
T
Severe case of strangles:
Bastard strangles
T/F: in cases of bastard strangles, antibiotics are not the first thing to be given:
T
3 Tx for Bastard strangles (1st to last):
- Supportive therapy
- NSAIDs
- Antibiotics
You want the horse to fight off infection naturally for: (2 answers)
- Lasting immunity
- Herd immunity
When are antibiotics given in cases of bastard strangles?
when there is mild bacterial infection
other vets: kapag pumutok an and pus
What kills animals in cases of Equine influenza?
Secondary bacterial infection
Most commonly vaccinated dz in horses:
Equine influenza
- Loose aryepiglottic folds (ventral and bottom) & mucosa displace dorsally
- “Wrapping” over the epiglottis
Epiglottic entrapment
in cases of EE, what part wraps over and around the dorsal surface of epiglottis like a glove
Aryepiglottic fold/mucosal tissue
Dz that is unique to horses
Guttural Pouch Infection
Structures that closely interact and in close proximity with the pharynx
Guttural Pouch
Inflammation or infection in the ______ = guttural pouch at risk
upper resp system
Each pouch has a volume of _______
300-500 mL
2 possible causes/forms of guttural pouch infection:
- empyema (bacteria)
- mycosis (fungi)
which is more difficult to treat, fungi or bacteria?
fungi
T/F: GP infection can happen before or after strangles
T
more common infection that leads to guttural pouch infection?
upper respiratory infection
entry point of guttural pouch
Guttural Pouch Ostia
Equine form of asthma;
- a severe form of asthma and inflammation of respiratory tract
Heaves
heaves affect what part of the respiratory tract?
Lower respiratory tract
T/F: heaves have no sex predilection
T
T/F: heaves are rarely see in horses less than 7
years old
T
heaves is supposedly more prevalent in ____ countries than in _____ countries
- temperate
- tropical
heaves is also termed as
broken wind
Western name of heaves
Summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD)
term used for the very dark line coursing along from mid to caudal part of horse’s thorax & abdomen
Heaves Line
heaves line appears in ____ (acute or chronic) cases of heaves
chronic
hypoxemia occurs in what disease?
Heaves
patterns in imaging which is indicative of worst Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
interstitial patterns
breed of horse which have high tWBC count/ leukocytes in cases of heaves
Bulgarian draft horse
More preferred drug (compared to prednisone) in horses as treatment for heaves
Prednisolone
caused by intense training and exertion
Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
(EIPH)
capillary membrane that is broken due to intense pressure and exercise
Pulmonary capillary membrane
T/F: Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage causes blood in any part of respiratory system; not just in lungs and nasal
T
Most dangerous among pulmonary bleedings
Lower respiratory tract bleeding
Grading levels for severity of EIPH:
without blood pooling;
multiple stream/s > 1/3 circ.
Grade 3
Grading levels for severity of EIPH: flecks or narrow streams
Grade 1
Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
streams coalesce, form one big stream →
one big clot more severe than streaks
- multiple streams >90% tracheal surface
Grade 4
Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
Flecks of narrow streams
Grade 1
Grading levels for the severity of EIPH:
long stream/s < 1/3 circ.
Grade 2
test used to check which lobes are more predisposed
with EIPH
Pulmonary Function Testing
procedure done to check contents of exudate missed by endoscope
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Bacteriostatic antibiotics for equine
(hint: ECSTaTiC for bacteriostatic)
Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Bactericidal antibiotics for equines
(hint: Very Proficient For Complete Cell Murder)
Vancomycin,
Penicillin,
Fluoroquinolones,
Cephalosporins,
Carbapenems,
Metronidazole
most commonly used antibiotic for equines
penicillins
Very strong backup drug for Procaine or Benzyl penicillin
Ceftiofur
backup antibiotic that distributes well in urinary and
peritoneal parts of the body;
DO NOT GIVE IV - FATAL
Doxycycline
backup antibiotic that must be avoided giving IM: nakakasunog ng muscles of horses
Enrofloxacin
backup antibiotic with excellent anaerobic activity
Metronidazole
