III. URINARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Flashcards
Inflammation is worse in ___ horses (female vs. male)
Female
normal temp. of horses
37.2-38.5 C
normal HR of horses
28-40 bpm
normal RR of horses
10-14 rpm
good measure of glomerular filtration rate;
good kidney base values
Creatinine
can gauge kidney condition but not as reliable
BUN
normal creatinine clearance for equines
1.38-1.87 ml/min/kg
formula for creatinine clearance:
Urine volume (ml) x Urine creatinine (mg/dl)/ time (min) x Serum creatinine (mg/dl) x BW (kg) = ___ ml/min/kg
Better measure for kidney fxn
creatinine clearance
decreased creatinine clearance = ____ glomerular
filtration rate
decreased
formula for excretion
Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion
Normal water intake
4-6%
normal urine frequency
7-11x/day
normal urine color and consistency
yellow brown;
semi-viscous;
opaque
normal urine pH
7.8-8.5
normal urine volume
1-3% of BW/day
racehorses can consume __ liters of water
50
Telltale sign of issues with urinary system
urine scalding or staining
stretching that alleviates pain more caudally in the abdomen
Caudal abdominal area stretching
Most common and most important sign to be noted (urinary problem)
Polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD)
2 blood tests for examination of urinary system
- hematology
- serum biochemistry
most common imaging
ultrasonography
results of physical examination in acute renal failure
enlarged and pain only observed
results of physical examination in chronic renal failure
firmness, shrinkage and surface irregularity
indication for biopsy
cysts, tumors
location of left kidney (for ultrasound)
Between 15th - 17th intercostal space (deep to spleen);
location of right kidney (for ultrasound)
Between 15th - 17th intercostal space (dorsal and superficial);
near tuber coxae
most common way of collecting urine
free catch method
shape of kidney in cross-section
heart-shaped
what type of kidney disease:
- marked PUPD
- Edema; hypoNA, hypoCL
- elevated creatinine
Chronic Kidney Disease
what type of kidney disease:
- spike in kidney values
- severe impairment of filtration
- complete anuria
- Proteinuria ++, low SG, hematuria
- very high creatinine
Acute Kidney Disease
elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products, creatinine in the blood (Crea: 1.7 mg/dL or higher), and other secondary waste products within the body.
Azotemia
3 causes of Acute Kidney Disease / ARF in order of frequency (hint: N.O.H)
- Nephrotoxic substances
- Obstructive
- Hemodynamic (rare)
common toxins in horses
NSAID excess/overdose
antibiotic that is most risky when used orally in horses – can cause acute kidney disease
Aminoglycosides
preferred dietary adjustment as tx for CKD
Less protein, more carbs, more fat
racehorses: High calorie count
most commonly reported strains of Leptospira
pomona & and icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo (serovars)
3 IH of Leptospira
rats, mice, birds
CS: Birth of unthrifty foals w/limited life
expectancy
What disease?
Leptospirosis
Telltale sign of Leptospirosis
Uveitis
Antibiotics used as tx for Leptospirosis (hint: P.E.C.D)
Penicillins,
Enrofloxacin,
Cephalosporins,
Doxycyclines
Cases of abscessation can be observed in injection sites of what drug?
enrofloxacin
an intense microbial drug
enrofloxacin
various inflammatory cytokines are produced at a much higher rate than normal
Cytokine storm
