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UWorld SA Flashcards

1
Q

Paget’s disease of the bone increases risk for what

A

osteogenic sarcoma, arising in the femur, tibia, humerus, or other bones.

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2
Q

Avascular necrosis assoc with

A

glucocorticoid use (high dose). RAdiographic findings include pathognomonic crescent sign (subchondral collapse)

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3
Q

What are the renal osteodystrophies

A
  1. Hyperthyroid bone disease
  2. Osteomalacia
  3. Mixed urine osteodystrophy
  4. Aplastic bone
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4
Q

PSeudobulbar is caused by conditions like

and presents

A

Multiple sclerosis

dysarthria, dysphagia, dysphonia, impaired movement of the tongue and facial muscles

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5
Q

What is Globus Hystericus

A

Sensation of lump in throat w/o accompanying physical, endoscopic, or radiologic findings of esophageal obstruction.

Emotions commonly trigger. also other disorders like GERD, upper esophageal sphincter abnorm, achalasia, psych disorder, stress

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6
Q

treatment of RSV

A

Humidified supplemental oxygen and sometimes aerosolized ribavirin

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7
Q

Oseltamivir use

mechanism

A

inhibitor of the neuraminidases of influenza A and B viruses. used to prevent and early treatment.

Sialic acid analogue. Prevents neuraminidase cleavage of terminal sialic acid residues and release of attached virions.

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8
Q

Histo of burkitts lymphoma

chromosomal translocation

A

Round nuclei w basophillic cytoplasm containing prominent lipid vacuoles

t(8;14)

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9
Q

translocation in B cell childhood Acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

t(12;21)

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10
Q

Follicular lymphoma histo and translocation

A

Malignant cells w/ notches or clefts (high N/C ratio

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11
Q

Desmosome relies on what

A

cadherins (Ca2+ dependent)

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12
Q

Hemodesmosomes rely on

A

integrins

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13
Q

Fibronectin is what

A

ecm glycoprotein that binds cell surface integrins, facilitating cell binding to the extracellular matrix

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14
Q

presentation of rosacea

A

easy flushing, then later with persistent erythema, telangiectasia, senstivity to sunlight or insults of a chemical or physical nature.

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15
Q

Injury to the ____ is the primary concern w/ both anterior and posterior dislocations of the knee joint.

Describe location

A

Popliteal artery

This vessel is fixed rigidly proximal and distal to the knee joint by the adductor magnus and soleus muscles respectively.

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16
Q

Most commonly isolated organism in endometritis

A

Bacteroides family

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17
Q

Aspirin intolerance is characterized by

A

Asthma
Nasal polyps
Aspirin sensitivity

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18
Q

levator scapulae

action

innervation

A

elevates the scapula and rotates the glenoid fossa inferiorly

innervated by dorsal scapular nerve w/ contributions from teh C3 through C5 spinal nerves

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19
Q

Pectoralis minor

Originates from what and attaches to what

Action

Innervation

A

Originates from anterior surface of 3rd-5th ribs and attaches to teh coracoid process of teh scapula

Draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly against the chest wall stabilizing it.

Innervated by the medial pectoral nerve

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20
Q

Trapezius

Action

Innervation

A

Elevates and retracts scapula. Can aslo rotate the scapula slightly for movement of the glendoid fossa superiorly

Innervated by teh spinal accessory nerve CN XI

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21
Q

what two primary tissues produce a bicarbonate rich fluid in response to stimulation

What do they respond to and what is this secreted by

A

Exocrine pancreas

Epithelial cells of teh biliary tract

MEdiated predominantly by secretin from S cells of the duodenal mucosa in response to acid

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22
Q

difference b/w acute stress disorder and ptsd

A

ptsd is greater than 1 month. otherwise the same.

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23
Q

most common viral encephalitis

Where does it tend to affect

presentation

tx

A

herpes simplex encephalitis caused by HSV-1 typically.

tends to affect the temporal lobe., ergo some unique

(along w normal meningitis signs)

  • seizures
  • personality changes
  • psychosis

tx: acyclovir

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24
Q

paramyxoviridae includes

A

measles
mumps
RSV
parainfluenza

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25
Acanthamoeba causes what
protozoal organism causing fatal ecephalitis in AIDS pt. and other chronically immunosuppressed.
26
cause of 3rd heart sound cause of 4th heart sound
3rd heart sound-low pitched sound during rapid filling of teh ventricle in mid-diastole. From sudden deceleration of blood as teh elastic limits of the ventricular chamber are reached during rapid ventricular filling. Normal in children but indicates ventricular failure in adults. (cardiac failure either systolic or diastolic failure) 4th heart sound- forceful atrial contraction pushing blood into overfilled/stiffened ventricle.
27
Exudates demonstrate what (that transudates lack)
Pleural fluid protein/serum protein > 0.5 Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH>0.6 Pleural fluid LDH more than 2/3 the upper limit of normal serum LDH
28
Target cells/codocytes seen in
liver disease thalessemia status post splenectomy
29
fragmented RBC seen in
``` microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Hemolytic uremic syndrome DIC Prosthetic valve hemolysis ```
30
Echinocytes/burr cells (multiple surface projections) seen in
Uremia | Pyruvate kinase deficiency
31
how to tx hereditary spherocytosis what improves
splenectomy Improved anemia Decreased hemolysis and jaundice Reduced incidence of bilirubin gallstones
32
Intraventricular hemorrhage begins where for premature infants?
Germinal matrix (highly cellular and vascular int he subventricular region that generates neurons and glia during fetal development)
33
Cephalhematoma is what
HEmorrhage within the circular region of teh scalp that enters the lower uterus during childbirth. assoc with - sudden delivery - disproportion b/w diameter of fetal head and birth canal - inapprop forceps use
34
Procainamide SE
Reversible syndrome similar to SLE
35
Amiodarone SE
``` pulmonary fibrosis arrhythmias hepatic injury thyroid abnormalities ocular changes bluish-gray skin discoloration ```
36
Lidocaine SE
dose dependent CNS stimulation or depression | Cardiovascular depression
37
Sotalol SE
Torsades de pointes | Excessive beta blockade
38
What do Acetylcholine Histamine Gastrin bind to on parietal cells to stimulate gastric acid production
ACh: M3 receptor Histamine:H2 receptor Gastrin:CCK2 receptor
39
What leukotrienes mediate asthmatic bronchoconstriction
Leukotrienes C4,D4,E4 mediate asthmatic bronchoconstriction
40
pathogenesis of aspirin sensitive asthma
selective inhibition of COX in arachidonic acid metabolism promotes formation of bronchoconstrictive leukotrienes. (C4,D4,E4)
41
palmitoylation is what where do you see it
fatty acids covalently anchored to plasma membrane cysteine residues therby increasing hydrophobicity of a protein Many GPCRs have carboxyl tails palmitoylated on cysteine residues. V2 vasopressin receptor is a prime example.
42
Digeorge is caused by
hypoplastic third pharyngeal pouch
43
Hypercalcemia results in
painful bones, renal stones, abd groans, and psychic moans
44
allelic heterogeneity vs. genetic heterogeneity
Genetic heterogeneity is where mutations of different genes cause similar phenotypes Phenotypic heterogeneity is mutations of the same gene result in different phenotypes
45
Polygenic disease is what. example?
result from defects in numerous often unrelated genes (type 2 diabetes, which has clearly heritable component but cannot be traced to any specific gene)
46
what receptor does histamine use for airway hyperresponsiveness
H4
47
chromosome 7 mutation associations
cystic fibrosis Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Osteogenesis imperfecta
48
chromosome 16 associations
Polycystic kidney disease | Tuberous sclerosis
49
Maple syrup urine disease has defect in what? What is a coenzyme?
Branched chain alpha keto acid deydrogenase complex (cannot break down leucine, isoleucine, valine) Thiamine B1 is a coenzyme
50
Glucagon uses what receptor
Gs
51
Growth factors use what receptor
RTK
52
Insulin uses what receptor
RTK
53
Red safranin O stains what
Cartilage Mast cell granules Mucin (turns them red)
54
Pulmonary embolism causes what in abg
Alkalosis, and decrease in both PaCO2 and PaO2 This is due to hyperventilation and ventilation/perfusion mismatch
55
neurofibroma is what | assoc with what
soft, flesh colored papule that is assoc with NF1
56
Dermatofibroma is what
firm hyperpigmented papule tethered to teh epidermis
57
how can you have dx of NF1
2 or more of following - 6 or more cafe au lait spots (brownish spots) - intertrigeinous freckling - optic nerve glioma - bony lesions-iris Lisch nodules - First degree relative with NF1
58
Describe NF1's genetics
autosomal dominant on chr 17. Has 100% penetrance and variable expressivity. Novel germine mutations can cause NF1 in families with no prior fam hx
59
intense holosystolic murmur heard best over the apex that radiates to the axilla
mitral regurgitation
60
loud, holosystolic murmur heard best along the left lower sternal border occasionally associated with a palpable systolic thrill
Interventricular septal defect (VSD)
61
High pitched decrescendo diastolic murmur best heard in the third intercostal space along the left sternal border
aortic regurgitation
62
blowing holosystolic murmur heard best along the lower left sternal border intensified during inspiration and reduce during standing
tricuspid regurgitation. think of infective endocarditis in abusers of IV drugs
63
red man syndrome from vancomycin causes what
histamine release from mast cells but NOT IGE MEDIATED ALLERGIC REACTION. CAn be prevented using a slower rate of infusion

Step 1 Journal RC (9 decks)

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