Uworld discreet facts II

Question 1

murmurs that increase with inspiration

Answer 1

right sided murmurs (increase in venous return to right heart)

Question 2

murmurs that increase with valsalva because of decreased preload and decreased afterload

Answer 2

Mitral valve prolapse
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
(decreasing LV)

Question 3

murmurs that increase with abrupt standing

Answer 3

Mitral valve prolapse

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 4

murmurs that increase with squatting and passive leg raises

Answer 4

most other murmurs that aren’t MVP and HCM because of increased afterload and increased preload through stenotic or regurgitant valves

Question 5

murmurs that increase with handgrip

Answer 5

AR, MR, VSD because of increased afterload

Question 6

How are thymine dimers repaired?

Answer 6

UV specific endonucleases that patients with xeroderma pigmentosa are deficient in this

Question 7

3’–>5’ exonucleases aid in the repair of what

Answer 7

This is the proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase and is responsible for identifying mismatch base pairs, this is implicated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Question 8

Relative risk reduction equation

Answer 8

[Absolute risk (control) - Absolute risk (tx)] / Absolute risk (control)

Question 9

Key elements of contractile mechanism in smooth muscle (and not skeletal muscle)

Answer 9

Calmodulin and myosin-light chain kinase

Question 10

components of troponin

Answer 10

Troponin T, I, C

Calcium bind Troponin C–>tropomyosin shifts to expose actin binding site for myosin to allow for contraction

Question 11

Signs of early GVHD

Answer 11

maculopapular rash mainly in the palms and soles
GI involved diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal pain

Liver affected= abnormal LFTs
(basically multiple organs are affected because the host is immunosuppressed so the donor T cells attack MHC antigens throughout the donor’s body. This is in contract to acute or chronic graft rejection which is the T/B cell sensitization against the donor antigens

Question 12

secondary hyperaldosteronism caused by

Answer 12

renin secreting tumors, malignant htn, renovascular disease

increased renin and increased aldosterone

Question 13

decreased renin, increased aldosterone

Answer 13

primary hyperaldosteronism

Question 14

decreased renin decreased aldosterone

Answer 14

congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenal tumor
Cushing syndrome
Exogenous mineralocorticoids

Question 15

What is fused in Translocation Down syndrome

Answer 15

14 and 21 2 long arms and 2 short arms are fused

Question 16

Traveler’s diarrhea from ETEC has what sort of toxin?

Answer 16

Cholera-like toxin (Heat labile Toxin is like cholera toxin
–>activates Gs and activates adenylate cyclase)

Heat stable toxin activate cGMP

Question 17

What is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis?

Answer 17

lower abdominal aorta
coronary artery

(high turbulence here)

Question 18

What is responsible for the green color of pus

Answer 18

myeloperoxidase

Question 19

risk factors of saddle embolus

Answer 19

virchow triad:
endothelial injury
venous stasis
hypercoagulable state

Question 20

Drugs that can cause aplastic anemia

Answer 20

carbamazepine
chloramphenicol
sulfonamides

Question 21

What area of the brain atrophies in Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 21

Hippocampus which causes the deficits in short term memory

Question 22

characteristic finding in the tubules for ute tubular necrosis

Answer 22

vacuolar degeneration
ballooning of proximal tubular cells

typically will find oxalate crystals in the urine, metabolic acidosis, increased osmolar gap

Question 23

Why do inhaled anesthetics cause the potential for increased intracranial pressure?

Answer 23

While inhaled anesthetics cause decreases in a lot of things they cause increased cerebral blood flow and consequent (undesirable) increased ICP

Question 24

congenital torticollis from

Answer 24

intrauterine malposition (contract SCM muscle)

Question 25

Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with what vasculitides

Answer 25

temporal arteritis