Uworld discreet facts II Flashcards
murmurs that increase with inspiration
right sided murmurs (increase in venous return to right heart)
murmurs that increase with valsalva because of decreased preload and decreased afterload
Mitral valve prolapse
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
(decreasing LV)
murmurs that increase with abrupt standing
Mitral valve prolapse
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
murmurs that increase with squatting and passive leg raises
most other murmurs that aren’t MVP and HCM because of increased afterload and increased preload through stenotic or regurgitant valves
murmurs that increase with handgrip
AR, MR, VSD because of increased afterload
How are thymine dimers repaired?
UV specific endonucleases that patients with xeroderma pigmentosa are deficient in this
3’–>5’ exonucleases aid in the repair of what
This is the proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase and is responsible for identifying mismatch base pairs, this is implicated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
Relative risk reduction equation
[Absolute risk (control) - Absolute risk (tx)] / Absolute risk (control)
Key elements of contractile mechanism in smooth muscle (and not skeletal muscle)
Calmodulin and myosin-light chain kinase
components of troponin
Troponin T, I, C
Calcium bind Troponin C–>tropomyosin shifts to expose actin binding site for myosin to allow for contraction
Signs of early GVHD
maculopapular rash mainly in the palms and soles
GI involved diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal pain
Liver affected= abnormal LFTs
(basically multiple organs are affected because the host is immunosuppressed so the donor T cells attack MHC antigens throughout the donor’s body. This is in contract to acute or chronic graft rejection which is the T/B cell sensitization against the donor antigens
secondary hyperaldosteronism caused by
renin secreting tumors, malignant htn, renovascular disease
increased renin and increased aldosterone
decreased renin, increased aldosterone
primary hyperaldosteronism
decreased renin decreased aldosterone
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenal tumor
Cushing syndrome
Exogenous mineralocorticoids
What is fused in Translocation Down syndrome
14 and 21 2 long arms and 2 short arms are fused
Traveler’s diarrhea from ETEC has what sort of toxin?
Cholera-like toxin (Heat labile Toxin is like cholera toxin
–>activates Gs and activates adenylate cyclase)
Heat stable toxin activate cGMP
What is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis?
lower abdominal aorta
coronary artery
(high turbulence here)
What is responsible for the green color of pus
myeloperoxidase
risk factors of saddle embolus
virchow triad:
endothelial injury
venous stasis
hypercoagulable state
Drugs that can cause aplastic anemia
carbamazepine
chloramphenicol
sulfonamides
What area of the brain atrophies in Alzheimer’s disease?
Hippocampus which causes the deficits in short term memory
characteristic finding in the tubules for ute tubular necrosis
vacuolar degeneration
ballooning of proximal tubular cells
typically will find oxalate crystals in the urine, metabolic acidosis, increased osmolar gap
Why do inhaled anesthetics cause the potential for increased intracranial pressure?
While inhaled anesthetics cause decreases in a lot of things they cause increased cerebral blood flow and consequent (undesirable) increased ICP
congenital torticollis from
intrauterine malposition (contract SCM muscle)
Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with what vasculitides
temporal arteritis
