UTS Flashcards
What method does Socrates propose in his perspective?
The Dialectic method
It is a way of knowing the self by evaluating yourself through personal questions such as “Why am I like this?”
The Dialectic method
This is the product of Plato’s view of the world as imperfect copies of the world of Forms.
Ideals
What Allegory delineates on Plato’s world of forms?
Allegory of the Cave
Who posited a counter-philosophy to Plato’s ideal perspective?
Aristotle
This perspective posited that everything is composed of matter and form, that this world also exists along with the world of forms.
Substance
Who are the two main philosophers in the Medieval Period?
Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas
What book did Augustine of Hippo write?
Soliloquies and Confessions.
What philosophy did Augustine of Hippo develop to explain things which may not exist?
Privation
What philosophy did Thomas Aquinas develop to explain what constitutes something or what makes it what it is?
Essence
We may better understand essence if we know our- ?
Purpose
Who are the prominent philosophers in the Modern Period?
Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, and Soren Kierkegaard
What Allegory describes Nietzsche’s Ubermensch philosophy?
The Allegory of the Three Metamorphoses (the Camel, The Lion and the Child)
The cycle of reverting back into the camel and evolving into the child once again.
Eternal Recurrence
This concept sees society as a living organism with different parts that function to support the whole structure. This assumes that society harmonically stabilizes itself. Any change in society is a product of evolution.
Structural Functionalism
This theory posits that the main cause of conflict in society stems from two or more disagreeeing social branches
Conflict Theory
The idea that people attach meaning to things.
Symbolic Interactionism
The three main aspects of Symbolic interactionism.
- People attach meaning to things./ People act based on the meaning they attach to things.
- Each person attaches different meanings to things.
- The meanings we attach to things changes over time.
The idea that people behave according to how they view themselves or how they want to be viewed.
The Looking-Glass self
The idea that we have control over how others perceive us.
Impression Management
The idea that our personal issues are often tied to more public concerns
Sociological Imagination
Who proposed the idea of Sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
It is the concern that people change their lifestyle for new lifestyles they get introduced to later on in life
identity crisis (Macionis)
Two types of people who undergo Identity crisis
Traditional-directed people and other directed people
This refers to the internalizing and subjective process of adopting a transmitted culture from a generation to the next-
Enculturation
The things that you and the people in your village do in common are part of what anthropologists call-?
Collective Identity
This is the identity you start to assume when you grow aware of the difference between yourself and your community.
Personal Identity
The way you speak that is part of who you are and the culture that you bring with you to other cultures is known as
Cultural baggage.
The process of adapting to a predominant culture.
Assimilation
The process of briefly evaluating yourself after being introduced to a new culture.
Culture Shock
The culture shock that you feel when you return home after living in a different place with a different culture for so long
reverse culture shock
What perspective centralizes around the study of Society, relationships and the vast network of human interaction?
Sociology.
What perspective centralizes around the study of humankind across space and time?
Anthropology
What are the key seven aspects of Existentialism?
- Leap of Faith
- Authentic
- Dasein
- Ubermensch
- Eternal Recurrence
- Being-thrown-in-the-world.
- Being-unto-death
What idea of existentialism did Soren Kierkegaard propose?
Leap of faith
The leap-of-faith aspect of existentialism can be broken down into three stages wherein the gap between the second and third aspects is what defines the “leap of faith”. What are these three stages?
Aesthetic Stage, Ethical stage, religious stage
It is in this stage of the leap of faith aspect that people live for the sheer excitement of living, for the mere beauty and aesthetics of it without concern for ethics or morals
Aesthetic stage
This stage is when people want to start turning over a new leaf and develop a moral compass
Ethical stage
This stage, the hardest stage to cross, is when people desire something much higher than ethics.
Religious stage
This aspect of existentialism means “Being” in the sense that you are no one else but yourself and you are in charge of your actions
Dasein
This perspective of understanding the self entails man’s ability to realize that he is in control of his own actions and to be authentic.
existentialism
To this person, to be authentic means to be true and that “existence precedes essence”
Jean-Paul Sartre
“I am not who I think I am, I am not who you think I am, I am who I think you think I am.” Who said this?
Charles Horton Cooley
This part of the soul involves bodily desire
the Appetitive soul
This part of the soul involves emotions and feelings
the Spiritual soul
This part of the soul involves reason and logict
the Rational soul
It is in this period where knowledge became accessible to many, not just within the church
the Renaissance period
Who are the philosophers in the Renaissance Period?
Francis Bacon, Renee Descartes, Thomas Hobbes
Who proposed that human beings are innately selfish?
Thomas Hobbes
Who developed the inductive method?
Francis Bacon
Who traced the need to philosophize to doubt?
Renee Descartes
“I think, therefore I am”, who said this and why did they say it?
Renee Descartes, by doubting everything, there is only one certainty: The fact that you can think about doubting, hence by thinking, you prove that you exist. You think, therefore you are.
is acquiring the cultural practices when you meet another culture at a later point in life.
Acculturation
This man proposed the concept of Nirvana and the Middle Way
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha
Proposed the idea of Virtues.
Confucius
In order to create a good nation, the foundation of society must start by developing these in individuals
Virtues
Confucius regarded this so much that respect for elders is a superior custom than any law in society
Filial Piety
This is the defining and more enduring construct of a person. It is your psychological build-up, your mental constitution. What psychologically makes you you.
Personality
This is a position or emotional response towards a condition or a particular thing at a particular time.
Attitude
This is the essence of a person. It consists of both the attitude and personality,
The Self
The self can be broken down into three components. What are they?
The Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual Self
This encompasses not just the things that physically belong to us like our bodies and our clothes, but also our families and homes
The Material self
This is how we act in any given social situation. How do you act when you’re around your teacher? How do you act when you’re around your friends?
The Social Self
the deepest and most intimate part of the self. It is associated with the modern understanding of our personality.
The Spiritual Self
This refers to your self-concept. It comprises all qualities that make up who you are.
Real Self
This is essentially who you are as a person
Self-concept
This refers to how you want to be. It’s the version of you that possesses qualities you do not have, but would very much like to have.
Ideal Self
Be wary of these two versions of yourself. They are very different, a wide gap between your real and ideal self can be dangerous. It may cause mental health problems. The distress brought about by the discrepancy of your real self and idea self is called what?
Cognitive Dissonance
Core features of Human Agency
Intentionality, Forethought, Self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness
Every person can control their own actions, their own life. This is called ____________, wherein you are capable of achieving your desired outcomes.
Human Agency
involves your commitment to the course of action that you wish to undertake. Are you willing to put in the work and commit to the goal?
Intentionality
refers to how you anticipate possible consequences and create steps/roadmaps to achieve your desired outcome.
Forethought
refers to how you regulate and evaluate the execution of your plans. Am I doing this right? Will I achieve what I want by taking this method? By having executed this plan, am I now one step closer to achieving my goals?
Self-reactiveness
This is the end, by examining your own functioning through this process, you complete the process of being agentic. Take the time to judge your ability to plan and execute these plans against your desired outcomes. When you compare your current outcome to your desired one. Do they match? If they didn’t, is this what you wanted all along? If not, where did you go wrong?
Self-reflectiveness
Who stated that there are several aspects of the body with significance to the self and self-identity?
Anthony Giddens
What are the several aspects of the body with significance to the self and self-identity?
(1) bodily appearance, (2) demeanor, (3) body’s sensuality
This refers to what is seen by people, the way you look the way you dress, it could also be the physical or biological surface of a person. How a person clothes themself is also usually affected by culture, as well as certain conditions. For example, if you’re invited to a wedding you would be expected to dress appropriately.
Bodily Appearance
refers to the portrayal of a specific behavior in a particular setting. For instance, at home you can pick your nose, at school you can’t.
Demeanor
This refers to an individual’s consistency in the process of their senses under different circumstances. For example, after a good meal you might get a comment saying you look thicke in the middle or your clothes are looking’ a wee bit too tight. This type of feedback may affect how you choose to present yourself in the future. This is essentially your body’s sensitivity with respect to your self.
Sensuality
He also illustrated how an individual becomes deviant because of appearances. For instance, at a job interview the prettier applicant may get a higher chance at getting the job over the other one.
Schaefer
This is the version of yourself that extends past your physical self. This is also the version of yourself you project around you, your mannerisms, your clothes, friends, family, possessions, etc.
Extended Self
According to this person, the self does not only refer to the body and mind but also everything else attached to you both physically and socially. Have you ever lost something and felt like a part of you is gone as well? That’s essentially the extended self in a nutshell.
Russel W. Belk
Based on the work of ___________, there are four areas of inquiry on human appearance in anthropology
Anderson-Fye
What are the four areas of inquiry on human appearance in anthropology?
(1) The diversity of physical appearance, (2) cultural art practices, (3) beauty ideals, and (4) collective identity through appearance.
This refers to how physical appearance adapts to certain environments and how you live your life (communal life). For instance, people living under harsher climates tend to have darker skin because of an increase in melanin to protect them from the sun.
The Diversity of Physical Appearance
This is about how you present yourself to the world based on your culture and where you live. For example if you live anywhere in the middle eastern countries, you would be expected to present yourself wearing a hijab.
Cultural art practices
These refer to the specific standard of beauty across different cultures and places. For example, certain cultures believe having longer necks to resemble dragons increase your chances of being married to a man. The meaning they attach to these practices and symbols relate to their ideas of beauty.
Beauty ideals
This indicates the sameness or similarity of your appearance to the general appearance that is most commonly associated with your culture. It also indicates the sameness of tangible representation among a certain group, such as hair color, or skin color. This does not necessarily have to translate into the idea of beauty and art practices it can simply just be the general appearance associated with your culture.
Collective Identity through appearance
He (schaefer) also stressed that this ___________ is more interpretative than it is objective.
Physical deviance
