UTILITIES 2 FINALS Flashcards
perform
mechanical, electrical, and civil
engineering work in design, construction,
operation and maintenance of water
systems, electrical power lines, and power
plants.
Engineering Utilities
- is the decision
and practice of using less energy.
Energy Conservation -
BENEFITS OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION
- Protect the environment
- Reduce / lower electricity bill
- Generate utility savings
- Increase property value
- Enhance quality of life
- Earn incremental returns on
energy efficiency investment - Insulate yourself from rising
electricity prices
- Produce natural gas and deliver it
to customers - The functions required generation,
transmission, and distribution.
GAS UTILITIES
Produce drinkable water and
deliver it to customers
- The functions required treatment,
transmission, and distribution
WATER UTILITIES
This is different from electricity,
gas, and water. Does not generate
a product and transport this
product to customers.
TELEPHONE UTILITIES
Often called a sewage utility,
transports dirty water away from
customers and treats the dirty
water so that it is suitable to be
discharged into the environment.
WASTEWATER UTILITIES
Utilities are natural monopolies,
they require government oversight
so that they do not exercise
monopoly power to the detriment
of customers and society.
UTILITY REGULATION
- an integral part of the
larger and more complex building
procurement process through which an
owner defines facility needs, considers
architectural possibilities, contracts for
design and construction services and uses
the resulting facility.
Design Process
- a statement that outlines
the expected high-level outcome of the
design process.
Design Intent -
- are the benchmarks
against which success or failure in
meeting design intent is measured.
Design Criteria -
- process of cooling to
provide human comfort
Air conditioning -
- use for food preservation ;
removing heat from substances in
chemical, petroleum, and petrochemical
plants ; and numerous special applications
such as those in the manufacturing and
construction industries.
Refrigeration
METHODS OF REFRIGERATION
- Ice Refrigeration
- Mechanical Refrigeration
- Absorption Refrigeration
- Steam Jet or Vacuum
Refrigeration - Air Cycle Refrigeration
A refrigeration method of lowering
and maintaining the temperature of
a material or space by the use of a
literal ice
Ice Refrigeration
A method of refrigeration using
mechanical components
composing a system known as
vapor compression refrigeration
system.
Mechanical Refrigeration
A method of refrigeration through
the use of a system or cycle
Absorption Refrigeration
A method of refrigeration system
using water as refrigerant, lowering
and maintaining of system
temperature is attained by creation
of vacuum condition through the
action of steam jet.
. Steam Jet or Vacuum
Refrigeration
A method of refrigeration using air
as refrigeration.
Air Cycle Refrigeration
4 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
REFRIGERATION
- Evaporator
- Condenser
- Expansion Valve or Capillaries
- Compressor
low -pressure vapor heat
exchanger
- Located in the freezer
compartment of refrigerator
Evaporator
high -pressure vapor heat
exchanges
Condenser
The throttling devices that
transport refrigerant from high
pressure condition (condenser) to
low pressure condition
(evaporator)
Expansion Valve or Capillaries
Are pressure raising devices
Compressor
- a cycle that receives
heat from a colder and delivers heat to a
hotter body, not in violation of the second
law, but by virtue of a work input.
Reverse Cycle
- are cycles used to
pump heat from low to high temperature
religions, or cycles with the objective of
extracting heat from low temp. Reservoir.
Refrigeration Cycles
devices
that operate in a cycle and transfer heat
from a low-temperature region to a
high-temperature region with work input
into the system.
Heat Pump and Refrigeration
- is a cycle with the objective
of supplying heat to the high temperature
reservoir.
Heat Pump -
- is a body with the
large heat capacity such that when heat is
removed or added to the reservoir, the
temp of the reservoir does not change
(Faires, 1987)
Thermal Reservoir
ASHRAE
(American
Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air
Conditioning Engineers)
APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING
- Industrial Air Conditioning
- Residential Air Conditioning
- Air Conditioning of Commercial
Buildings - Air Conditioning of Vehicles
MAJOR PARTS OF AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
- Compressor
- Evaporator
- Condenser
- Expansion Valve
The heart of air conditioning unit
Compressor
This is where the refrigerant
evaporates from a liquid form back
into gaseous form.
Evaporator
This component receives gas at
high pressure and high
temperature from the compressor.
Condenser
a narrowing of the tube connected
along the line between the
condenser and the evaporator.
Expansion Valve
More commonly known as Freon is
the liquid or gas which is passes
through all the other components
in the air conditioning system
Refrigerant
The AHU is used to control the
following parameters:
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Air Movement
- Air Cleanliness
What is an AHU?
Air Handling Unit (AHU) serves a
big part in the ventilation system
- AHU is the heart of central
conditioning.
Where do you find AHU?
AHU are found in medium to large
commercial and industrial
buildings.
HVAC air systems are made up of:
- AHU – Air handling units
- Dampers
- Coils and valves
- Fans
- Distribution ducts and terminal
boxes - Pumps and Plumbing
- Control devices and control loops
- Unitary equipment: fan coils,
perimeter - radiation, unit ventilators, unit
heater
AIR HANDLER COMPONENTS
- Pressure Sensor
- Temperature Sensor
- Relative Humidity Sensor
- Differential Pressure Sensors/
Transmitter
this will measure the how dirty the
filters are and notify it’s time to
replace the filters.
Pressure Sensor
used for measurement of
temperature of a room, Air Duct,
Hot/Cold Water, Outside air.
Temperature Sensor
used for measurement of Relative
Humidity of room, Air Duct,
Outside air.
Relative Humidity Sensor
- are used for measuring diff.
pressure, positive pressure and
vacuum.
Differential Pressure Sensors/
Transmitter
- Is an equipment capable of
handling fluid, either moving the
fluid or moved by the fluid.
Fluid Machinery
The device in which the kinetic,
potential or intermolecular energy
held by fluid is converted in the
form of mechanical energy in a
rotating member is known as a
TURBINE.
Energy Conversion
Is the force of gravity in a unit
volume of a substance
Specific Weight
- Is the mass per volume of a
substance.
Density
- Is the volume of a unit mass of a
substance or the reciprocal of
density
Specific Volume
- Is the ratio of the specific weight of
any substance to that of water or
the ratio of density of any
substance to that water.
Specific Gravity
Is a measure of the resistance to
flow of a fluid; or it may be defined
as the ratio of the shearing stress
or force between adjacent layers of
fluid to the rate of change of
velocity perpendicular to the
direction of motion.
Viscosity
- Is a dimensionless parameter used
to determine the type of fluid while
flowing through a pipe.
Reynolds Number
Types of Flow Fluid
LAMINAR FLOW
Turbulent Flow
Critical Flow (Transitional Flow)
is an equation derived from the first
law of thermodynamics of steady
flow open system used to
determine the mass flow rate and
volume flow rate of fluid.
Continuity equation
it is a system used to move liquid
at low pressure elevation to high
pressure elevation
Pump
TYPES OF PUMPS
Centrifugal Pump
Reciprocating Pump
Rotary Pump
Deep-Well Pump
A machine for moving a liquid such
as water by accelerating it radially
outward in an impeller to a
surrounding volute casing
Centrifugal Pump
- A pump in which motion and
pressure are applied to the fluid by
a reciprocating piston in a cylinder - Also known as piston pump
Reciprocating Pump
A displacement pump that delivers
a steady flow by the action of two
members in rotational contact
Rotary Pump
A multistage centrifugal pump for
lifting water from deep, small
diameter wells; a surface electric
motor operates the shaft
Deep-Well Pump
- Is the height to which a column of
fluid must rise to contain the same
amount of energy as is contained
in one unit weight or mass of fluid
under the conditions being
considered.
Head of Fluid
FORMS OF HEAD
Potential or Actual Head
Kinetic or Velocity Head
Pressure Head
Is a head based upon the elevation
of the fluid above some arbitrarily
chosen datum plane.
Potential or Actual Head
is a measure of the kinetic energy
contained in a unit mass fluid due
to its velocity and is given by the
familiar expression for kinetic
energy.
- (V^2)/2g
Kinetic or Velocity Head
is the energy contained in the fluid
as a result of its pressure and is
equal to
. Pressure Head
an equation used to determine the
head of fluid.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
