UTILITIE 2 Flashcards
The behavior of concrete during exposure to heat varies with the nature of coarse aggregate and it’s density, and the quality of cement. It also depends upon the position of steel in concrete.
Concrete
Fire Safety Equipment
Fire Alarms
Automatic Alarms
Fire Extinguishing Equipment
Fire Hydrants
Wet Riser System
Automatic Sprinkler System
Compliance with local building codes and regulations is crucial. Authorities often specify the minimum requirements for fire protection systems based on the building’s location, use, and occupancy, ensuring safety standards are .
Local Building codes and regulations
Is a non-combustible building material and also a bad conductor of heat and does not contribute to the spread of fire.
Stone
The ability of a component or a building to satisfy, for a stated period of time, some or all of the appropriate criteria given in the relevant standard.
Fire Resistance
Similar to those in the drain system, waste systems also have cleanout access points for maintenance.
Cleanouts
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAIN WASTE VENT
- DESIGN
- MATERIALS
- INSTALLATION
- REPAIRS
- PROFESSIONAL MAINTENANCE
- COMPLIANCE
Access points within the drain system for inspection and maintenance purposes.
Cleanouts
MAINTENANCE
- REGULAR INSPECTION
- CLEARING CLOGS
- SEALING
- VENT MAINTENANCE
(P-Traps and S-Traps): Installed under sinks, toilets, and other fixtures, these traps hold a small amount of water to block sewer gases from entering the building.
Drain Traps
label colour for CO2 fire extinguishers
black
Handles the disposal of waste materials.
Waste system
Start by designing the DWV system carefully, taking into account local plumbing codes and regulations. Plan the lay out, sizing of pipes, and the placement of fixtures to ensure efficient drainage and venting
DESIGN
Components of Passive system
Fire door
Fire walls
Fire-resistant
Fire retardant
Fire damper
These Fire hydrants are provided on a ring main of 150mm dia. In the ground the building periphery.
Fire Hydrants
Determine the total fixture units for all fixtures in the building. Are assigned to different types of fixtures based on their expected flow rates. You
can find fixture unit values in plumbing codes or engineering references.
Fixture Units
Proper slope ensures that wastewater flows effectively toward the main sewer or septic system.
Elevations and Slopes
For complex or large-scale projects, it’s advisable to consult a professional plumbing engineer or architect with expertise in plumbing system design. They can provide detailed calculations and drawings that meet all regulatory
requirements.
Professional Design
This system is essential for maintaining a sanitary and functional plumbing system in residential and commercial structures.
Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) system
Identify the locations of traps and cleanouts in the drainage system. Traps prevent sewer gases from entering the building, and cleanouts allow for easy access and maintenance.
Traps and Cleanouts
The system consists of providing 100 to 150 mm dia vertical G.I pipes at suitable location in the building.
Wet Riser System
Four Steps to Sizing Sanitary Sewers & Vents
- Add up the total number of drainage fixture units (dfu) for each sanitary branch
- Determine the sanitary branch sizes using the dfu values
- Calculate the size of the main building drain using the total of all dfu values
- Size the vents using an IPC table and the dfu values
Fire Code of the Philippines
Republic Act No. 9514
Look for venting details. Vent pipes are essential for preventing airlocks and allowing gases to escape from the DWV system. Proper venting is crucial for the system’s functionality and safety.
Ventilation
It is very good conductor of heat, it has very poor fire resistant property. Its use should be restricted to only those structures which have a very low fire risks
Aluminum
The size and layout of the building influence the design of passive fire protection systems, like fire-rated walls and doors, as well as active systems, including the placement of fire alarms, sprinklers, and smoke detectors.
Building Size and layout
Ensure all connections and joints are properly sealed to prevent leaks. Replace worn out gaskets and seals as needed
SEALING
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VENTILLATION
TURBINE VENT
HOODVENT
RIDGE VENT
SOFFIT VENT
Horizontal pipes connected to individual fixtures, provide a direct pathway for venting gases from fixtures to the main vent stack.
Branch Vents
Will automatically activate to help put out the fire while building occupants move to safety.
Sprinkler systems
Class Flame Spread Index Smoke Development Rating
Class A or 1; 0 – 25 450 maximum
Class B or 2; 26 – 75 450 maximum
Class C or 3; 76-200 450 maximum
Are the most common type of extinguisher used for Class B fires. Due to the fact that these fire extinguishers are water-based, they can also be utilized for Class A fires.
Foam fire extinguishers
Fire Class K Intended Use
Oils and fats
Is non-combustible, it has very low fire resistance, since it is a good conductor of heat. During fire, it gets heated very soon, looses it’s tensile strength rapidly.
Steel
To remove hazards or unwanted contaminants
HOODVENT
The part of the vent stack that protrudes above the roofline, often with a vent cap or flashing to protect against the weather.
Vent Terminal
Determine the direction of flow for both supply and drain lines. Arrows or symbols may indicate this to ensure that water flows correctly and waste is carried away effectively.
Flow Direction
Determining the appropriate fire protection system
- Building Types and Use
- Building Size and layout
- Fire Hazard and Risk Assessment
- Local Building codes and regulations
- Occupation load and Population density
A vertical pipe that collects waste from various branch waste lines and directs it downward to the main sewer or septic line.
Waste Stack
Which will activate with noise and light to alert the occupants of the building
Smoke detectors
Follow the approved design and guidelines during installation. Pipes should have the correct slope to allow wastewater to flow freely. Use proper jointing methods and secure the pipes firmly.
INSTALLATION
Is designed to, and required to, close automatically upon detection of heat and to interrupt airflow and to restrict the passage of flame.
Fire damper
Fire Class C Intended Use
Energized electrical equipment
Are mostly built right into the building. This may mean using fire retardant materials when constructing the floors, walls and ceilings of the building.
Passive fire protection systems
Address any damaged or corroded pipes promptly. Replace sections or components that show signs of wear or deterioration.
REPAIRS
Which help to direct smoke out of the building and away from occupants or areas where it may do the most damage.
Ventilation systems
Types of fire extinguishers
- Water Extinguishers
- Foam Extinguishers
- Dry Powder Extinguishers
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2 Extinguishers)
Are essential to ensure proper functionality and prevent plumbing issues.
Maintenance and Construction of the Drain Waste Vent (DWV) Section in plumbing section
Is non-combustible, hence it is used to protect walls and ceilings against fire risks. Cement plaster is better than lime plaster Gypsum plaster, when used over structural steel members, make them better fire resistant.
Plaster and Mortar
These details indicate how pipes are connected to fixtures, branching off to supply lines, and connecting to the main sewer or septic system.
Connections
it Is a combustible material. It ignites and gets rapidly destroyed during fire, if the section is small. However, if it is used in thick sections, it possesses the properties of self-insulation and slow burning.
Timber
Which can be manually operated to help put out small fires
Fire extinguishers
Are the primary extinguisher used in extinguishing electrical fires.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
Automatic air admittance valves (AAVs) that allow air into the plumbing system when needed but remain closed to prevent gas escape.
Studor Vents (Optional)
Alarms start sounding automatically in the event of fire, it is used in large Industrial building which remain unoccupied during night.
Automatic Alarms
Keep vent pipes clear of debris or obstructions. Ensure that the vent caps are in good condition to prevent the entry of debris or pests.
VENT MAINTENANCE
Types of Fire
Class A
Class B
Class C
It behaves very badly in the event of fire. On sudden cooling, it gets contracted and breaks down into pieces or fragments, giving to sudden failure.
Cast Iron and Wrought Iron
The number of occupants in a building affects evacuation time and fire risk. High population density areas may require more robust active fire protection systems to ensure timely detection and evacuation.
Occupation load and Population density
Ensure that the plumbing design complies with local codes.
Local Codes and Standards
Fire Class (US)
A for “Ash”
B for “Barrel”
C for “Current”
D for “Dynamite”
K for “Kitchen”
Install P-traps or S-traps beneath fixtures to prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Include cleanouts in the system for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes.
Traps and Cleanouts
Is an engineered passive fire protection system formed by its door frame, door leaf, ironmongery, glazing and seals.
Fire door
Identify the location and type of fixtures such as sinks, toilets, showers, and appliances. Is crucial because it determines the layout of supply and drainage lines.
Fixture Placement
Is poor conductor of heat, and it’s thermal expansion is also less when it is heated and then suddenly cooled, cracks are formed.
Glass
Use the fixture unit count to size the drainage and vent lines. Larger fixture unit counts or higher flow fixtures will require larger pipe sizes. Local plumbing codes or engineering handbooks provide tables and equations for pipe sizing based on fixture units.
Pipe Sizing
The type of building and its intended use significantly impact the selection of fire protection systems. This is due to the inherent differences in fire risks and protection needs among various occupancies.
Building Types and Use
Allow air to travel in the out of an attic
SOFFIT VENT
Are the most popular fire extinguisher type and they are suited to class A fire risks. They distribute water at high pressure to extinguish flames. Water fire extinguishers are the most common extinguishers found on premises up and down the UK.
Water Extinguishers
Is responsible for moving wastewater away from fixtures.
Drain system
Fire Class D Intended Use
Combustible metals
Used to connect waste pipes and allow the flow of waste materials while preventing clogs.
Sanitary Tee or Wye Fittings
Each fixture should be vented to prevent traps from siphoning and to allow air to enter the system. Proper venting prevents odors, gurgling, and vacuum problems.
Venting
Is a handheld active fire protection device usually filled with a dry or wet chemical used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies.
fire extinguisher
Is a critical part of a building’s plumbing infrastructure that work together to remove wastewater and waste materials efficiently and safely from a building while preventing harmful gases.
Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) system
Is a poor conductor of heat. First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand exposure to fire for a considerable length of time, Upto temperatures of about 1200°C.
Bricks
Components of active system
Smoke detectors
Fire extinguishers
Sprinkler systems
Ventilation systems
Emergency Lighting
Check for information regarding the type of materials used for pipes and fittings. Different materials have different characteristics and may be suitable for specific applications.
Material Specifications
5 Sanitary reasons of Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) system
Hygiene and health
Odor control
Maintenance
Contamination
Regulator compliance
Part of the venting system (shared with the vent system) serves to allow air into the waste system to aid in the flow of waste materials.
Vent Stack
Are commonly known as ABC extinguishers as they can be utilized in the event of a class A, B or C fire scenario. However, this type of extinguisher should not be used in an enclosed space.
Dry powder extinguishers
After installation, conduct pressure tests and inspections to ensure that the drainage and vent lines function correctly and do not leak.
Testing
These systems reduce damage to the building, expensive equipment, documents, and inventory. Systems work in different ways, but all have a common goal to detect a fire and protect the building, its occupant, and valuables.
Fire Protection System
Most Fire are caused by Carelessness and some instances Such as:
*Smoking In Unauthorized Places
*Faulty Workmanship and Inattention to Electrical installations
*Un-approved Equipment and layout
*Inattention of Persons concerned with Inspection.
Two types of building materials in relation to fire
1.) Non-combustible materials
2.) Combustible materials
Is the burning of flammable gases, which can be very dangerous and highly explosive. These include gases such as butane and propane in gas canisters, which you’d expect to find in certain building trades. You will also find these with gas camping stoves and gas barbeques.
Class C fires
Periodically inspect the DWV system for signs of leaks , corrosion, or damage. Check for blockages or clogs in drainpipes and vents.
REGULAR INSPECTION
These are the main conduits responsible for carrying wastewater away from fixtures and appliances to the sewer or septic system.
Drain Pipes
Use plumbing snakes or augers to clear clogs in drainpipes and vents. Avoid harsh chemical drain cleaners, as they can damage pipes.
CLEARING CLOGS
Vertical pipes extend from the drainage and waste system to the roof, allowing air to enter the plumbing system.
Vent Pipes
Label colour for Foam fire extinguishers
cream
These are a hand bell type and similar to other sounding device which can emit distinctive sound when struck.
Fire Alarms
Consists of building materials and design features that are used to prevent or slow down the spread of fire and smoke within a structure. These materials and features are typically built into the construction of the building and do not require any active intervention.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Best practices in plumbing
engineering
- Fixture Units
- Pipe Sizing
- Venting
- Grade and Slope
- Traps and Cleanouts
- Local Codes
- Professional Design
- Testing
Are critical for the health and well-being of building occupants, so precision and adherence to codes are essential.
Plumbing systems
Choose high - quality, durable materials for the DWV system, typically PVC, ABS, or cast iron pipes and appropriate fittings. Ensure that all components meet local building codes.
MATERIALS
Always check and comply with local plumbing codes and regulations. These codes vary from place to place and may have specific requirements for pipe sizes, venting, material types, and more.
Local Codes
It allows wastewater from sinks, toilets, showers, and appliances to flow away from the building safely and efficiency.
DRAINAGE
Means that action of some kind is taking place. This action can be manual, meaning that a person or persons may engage in it, or it may be automatic, deploying once fire, smoke or heat is detected.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Interpreting plumbing supply and DWV general overview
- Blueprints and Diagrams
- Fixture Placement
- Pipe Sizing
- Flow Direction
- Ventilation
- Connections
- Elevations and Slopes
- Material Specifications
- Traps and Cleanouts
- Local Codes and Standards
label colour for dry powder fire extinguishers
blue
Ensures proper ventilation and prevents the buildup of sewer gases in the plumbing system.
Vent system
To improve room air quality, and to reduce the usage of air conditioning.
TURBINE VENT
Each building should have suitable fire extinguishing arrangements depending upon the importance of building and the associated fire hazards.
Fire Extinguishing Equipment
Different pipes have different diameters, and the size depends on the fixture’s distance from the main supply and drain lines. Follow the legend or key on the drawing to understand the pipe sizes used.
Pipe Sizing
to provide occupants more time for evacuation and reduce the risk of damage to the building before the emergency services arrive.
Purpose of active fire protection systems
These pipes are responsible for carrying solid and liquid waste materials away from fixtures and appliances to the sewer or septic system.
Waste Pipes
These drawings typically include detailed information about the layout and components of the plumbing system.
Blueprints and Diagrams
Ensures that any modifications or repairs made to the DWV system comply with local plumbing codes and regulations.
COMPLIANCE
Key Components of a Waste System
*Waste Pipes
*Sanitary Tee or Wye Fittings
*Cleanouts
*Waste Stack
*Vent Stack
Involve flammable liquids like gasoline, alcohol, diesel, or oil (not cooking oils). The volatility of the fuel source makes them more difficult.
Class B fires
The pipe get supply from a header each sprinkler head is provided with fusible plug. Heat actuated sprinkler heads are fixed to these pipes at regular interval.
Automatic Sprinkler System
A thorough risk assessment is essential to identify potential fire hazards, such as flammable materials, electrical equipment, or specific industrial processes. The level of fire risk informs the need for both passive and active fire protection measures.
Fire Hazard and Risk Assessment
Fire Class B Intended Use
Flammable liquids and gases
It provides a path for sewer gases to vent out of the building preventing unpleasant odors and ensuring the proper functioning of traps in plumbing fixtures.
VENTILATION
The DWV system carries solid waste and gray-water to the sewer or septic system.
WASTE REMOVAL
Fire Class A Intended Use
Ordinary solid combustibles
Fire-Resisting Properties of Common Building Materials
Stone
Bricks
Concrete
Steel
Glass
Timber
Cast Iron and Wrought Iron
Aluminum
Plaster and Mortar
Design the drainage lines with the appropriate grade and slope to ensure efficient flow. A typical slope for drainage lines is around 1/4 inch per foot (2%
grade).
Grade and Slope
Refers to a specific part or portion of a plumbing system in a building that is dedicated to performing the functions related to drainage waste removal, and ventilation.
DRAIN WASTE VENT SECTION
Used to control the flow of water within the drain system, especially in fixtures like sinks and bathtubs.
Drain Valves
Constructed of reinforced concrete, concrete blocks, and sometimes brick, provide a fire separation between areas of the same building.
Fire walls
The main vertical vent pipe that extends above the roofline, is connected to the waste and drain system, which allows for the release of sewer gases and provides air circulation in the system.
Vent Stack
Consider scheduling periodic inspections and maintenance by a licensed plumber or plumbing contractor to identify and address issues proactively.
PROFESSIONAL MAINTENANCE
are protective, decorative coating created to minimize the spread of flames in the event of a fire.
Fire retardant Paints
Flooring and wall systems reduce the spread of flames and smoke in the event of a fire-related incident within a facility.
Fire-resistant
Types of fire protection system
- Active Fps
- Passive Fps
To circulate the hot, humid air to the outside and draw the cool air inside
RIDGE VENT
Pipes that connect fixtures like sinks, showers, and toilets to the main drain pipes.
Branch Drains
In the event of a fire, power may be cut off. Emergency lighting systems automatically activate, providing illumination to help occupants evacuate safely.
Emergency Lighting
Are defined as ordinary combustibles. These types are fires use commonly flammable material as their fuel source. Wood, fabric, paper, trash, and plastics are common sources of Class A fires.
Class A fires
Key components of a Drain System
*Drain Pipes
*Drain Traps
*Cleanouts
*Branch Drains
*Drain Valves
This section typically consist of a network of pipes, fittings and fixtures designed to handle the disposal of waste water and solid waste while also providing a means to vent sewer gases.
DRAIN WASTE VENT SECTION
Label colour for Water extinguishers
bright red
EXAMPLES OF DRAIN WASTE VENT
Kitchen
Bathroom DWV section
Toilet
Laundry room
Basement floor drain
Main DWV stack
Roof vent stacks
Branch lines
Key Components of a Vent System
Vent Pipes
Vent Stack
Vent Terminal
Branch Vents
Studor Vents (Optional)
