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Religious Studies- Ethics📖 > Utilitarianism☺ > Flashcards

Utilitarianism☺ Flashcards

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1
Q

who was the originator of utilitarianism?

A

Jeremy Bentham

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2
Q

what were Bentham’s dates?

A

1748-1832

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3
Q

who was Bentham?

A
  • enlightenment thinker

* social reformer

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4
Q

which era was Bentham living in?

A

the enlightenment era when society was becoming more secular. The 19th century was a time of scientific discoveries

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5
Q

what was Benthams ethic designed as?

A

a rebellion against strict deontological religious ethics like natural law

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6
Q

is utilitarianism universal or relative?

A

relative

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7
Q

what did Bentham call happiness?

A

the sovereign good

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8
Q

who was Bentham inspired by for his theory?

A

the ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle

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9
Q

why did Bentham believe happiness was the sovereign good?

A

because it is good for people to be happy

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10
Q

“Happiness is a…” 💁

A

“…very pretty thing to feel.” 💁

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11
Q

“when happiness is present, we have everything, but…”

A

“…when it is absent, we do everything to possess it.”

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12
Q

“Nature has place mankind under the governance of…”

A

“…two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.”

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13
Q

Bentham believed that humans are motivated by two things…

A

the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain

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14
Q

“pleasure and pain alone…”

A

“…point out what we ought to do.”

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15
Q

Bentham’s utilitarianism is called…

A

Act utilitarianism

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16
Q

Mill’s utilitarianism is called…

A

Rule utilitarianism

17
Q

what is the one guiding principle of act utilitarianism?

A

‘principle of utility’

18
Q

“the greatest happiness of the…”

A

“…greatest number.”

Joseph Priestley

19
Q

the principle of utility is based on ________’s statement

A

Priestley

20
Q

a good action is one that…

A

produces more pleasure over pain

21
Q

a bad action is one that…

A

produces more pain than pleasure

22
Q

“create all the happiness you are able to create;…”

A

“…remove all the misery you are able to remove.”

23
Q

its not all about your own happiness, this would be called…

A

egoism

24
Q

“everyday will invite you to…”

A

“…add something to the pleasure of others.”

25
Q

should you create happiness even up to the point of your own death?💣

A

yes💣

26
Q

what is negative act utilitarianism?

A

where all the possible actions would create more pain that pleasure

27
Q

what should you do in a negative act utilitarianism situation?

A

the lesser of two evils, the action that will create the least amount of pain

28
Q

Was Bentham concerned with the quantity of quality if happiness?

A

quantity

29
Q

what is the hedonic calculus used for?

A

to measure the happiness outcomes of an action

30
Q

what are the 7 factors of the hedonic calculus? (in Dallas, cowboys practice riding peacefully everyday)

A
  1. intensity
  2. duration
  3. certainty
  4. propinquity
  5. richness
  6. purity
  7. extent
31
Q

which criteria of the hedonic calculus is the most important?

A

none, they are all equal

32
Q

by using the hedonic calculus what did Bentham believe moral agents could do?

A

work out the right course of action in every moral situation

33
Q

what were mills 2 criticisms of Bentham’s act utilitarianism?

A
  • act utilitarianism justifies bad actions

- act utilitarianism is overly complex

34
Q

what 2 changes did Mill make?

A
  • Harm principle

- Higher and lower pleasures

35
Q

what did the harm principle stop…

A

pleasure being created at the expense of someone else

36
Q

what are higher pleasures?

A

pleasures of the mind e.g meditation, forgiveness

37
Q

what are lower pleasures?

A

pleasures of the body e.g drugs, drunkenness

38
Q

” A beast’s pleasures do not…”

A

“satisfy a human being’s conception of happiness.”

Mill

39
Q

are higher or lower pleasures more important according to Mill?

A

higher

Religious Studies- Ethics📖 (4 decks)

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