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Semester 3 repro > Uterus, Uterine Tubes and Cervix > Flashcards

Uterus, Uterine Tubes and Cervix Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus called?

A

→ Endometrium

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2
Q

What is the body of the uterus called?

A

→ Myometrium

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3
Q

What do the uterine tubes end in?

A

→ Fimbriae

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4
Q

What increases the size of a newborns uterus?

A

→ Maternal steroids

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5
Q

What does the myometrium growth depend on?

A

→ Estradiol

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6
Q

When does the myometrium grow rapidly?

A

→ During puberty

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7
Q

Where do uterine fibroids originate?

A

→ Myometrium

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8
Q

In what shape are myometrial fibres?

A

→ Spiral fibres

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9
Q

When does the endometrium thicken?

A

→ At puberty

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10
Q

What is a good bioassay of estradiol levels?

A

→ 7-16mm

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11
Q

What is the stromal matrix?

A

→ The smallest the endometrium can get

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12
Q

What does the stromal matrix look like after menstruation?

A

→ Small columnar cells with glandular extensions 2-3mm thick

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13
Q

What is the proliferative phase stimulated by?

A

→ Estradiol from the dominant follicle

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14
Q

What are the changes that occur in the proliferative phase?

A

→ Stromal cell division, ciliated surface
→ Glands expand and become tortuous
→ Increased vascularity and neoangiogenesis

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15
Q

When are progesterone receptors expressed?

A

→ when the endometrium gets to 4mm

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16
Q

When does the secretory phase start and why?

A

→ 2-3 days after ovulation

→ The gradual rise in progesterone causes a reduction in cell division

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17
Q

What are the changes that occur in the secretory phase?

A 
→ Glands increase tortuosity and distend
→ Secretion of glycoproteins and lipids 
→ oedema
→ increased vascular permeability 
→ arterioles contract and grow tightly wound
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18
Q

What happens to the myometrium during the secretory phase?

A

→ Myometrial cells enlarge
→ movement is suppressed to prevent contractions
→ blood supply increases

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19
Q

What causes menstruation?

A

→ Falling levels of steroid from the corpus luteum

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20
Q

Describe what happens during menstruation

A

1) Prostaglandin release causes constriction of the spiral arterioles
2) Hypoxia causes necrosis
3) Vessels then dilate and bleeding ensues
4) Proteolytic enzymes are released from the dying tissue
5) Outer layer of the endometrium is shed and 50% is lost in 24 hours

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21
Q

How long does bleeding last?

A

→ 4 days

22
Q

What happens to the basal layer after menstruation?

A

→ It is covered by an extension of glandular epithelium

23
Q

What are the three components of the mucosa?

A

→ secretory
→ columnar ciliated epithelial cell
→ non ciliated peg cell

24
Q

What does the muscularis layer consist of?

A

→ inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

→ blood vessels and lymphatics

25
Q

What is the serosa?

A

→ Outer layer of the uterine tubes

26
Q

What do epithelial cells in the uterine tube express?

A

→ High numbers of estrogen receptors

27
Q

What happens to epithelial cells in the uterine tube mid cycle?

A

→ They undergo differentiation and increase in height

28
Q

When can the oocyte pass?

A

→ Mid cycle

29
Q

What happens to the epithelial cells of the uterine tube when progesterone starts being produced?

A

→ The estrogen receptors are suppressed

→ They decrease in height

30
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

→ They beat which moves the egg forward

31
Q

How long does the egg remain in the tube for?

A

→ 5 days

32
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

→ in the ampulla

33
Q

What does damage to the epithelial cells cause?

A

→ Pain
→ Infertility
→ Ectopic pregnancy

34
Q

What are the two ways to investigate tube patency?

A

→ Laparoscopy

→ Hystero-Salpingo-contrast sonography

35
Q

How is laparoscopy done?

A

→ A small incision is done on the anterior abdominal wall and a laparoscope is put through
→ Uterine cannula passes through and some blue dye is injected into the uterus
→ If you don’t see the dye the tube is blocked

36
Q

How is a hystero-salpingo-contrast sonography done?

A

→ Cannula is put through the cervix and instead of dye an ultrasound opaque dye is injected
→ you ultrasound the abdomen and monitor the progress of the dye

37
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

→ The cells of the endometrium escape from the uterus and get into the body
→ They implant in other places and still respond to progesterone and estrogen

38
Q

What is the cervix?

A

→ Muscular structure which is capable of great expansion

39
Q

How thick is the endocervical mucosa?

A

→ 3mm thick

40
Q

What is the cervix lined with?

A

→ A single layer of columnar mucous cells containing numerous tubular mucous glands

41
Q

What do the mucous glands in the cervix do?

A

→ empty viscous alkaline mucus into the lumen

42
Q

What is the mucus in the cervix for?

A

→ Protective barrier to infection

43
Q

What is the ectocervix covered with?

A

→ Monokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

44
Q

After ovulation what happens to the cervical mucus?

A

→ it becomes more liquid and has channels through which sperm can swim

45
Q

What does estrogen cause in the cervix?

A

→ Changes in vascularity and oedema

46
Q

How does the mucus change to allow sperm through?

A

→ During early stages the glycoproteins form a mesh that the sperm can’t get through
→ Glycoproteins then become aligned and form microscopic channels that sperm can swim through

47
Q

What does progesterone do to the cervical secretions?

A

→ Reduced secretion and viscous mucus

→ Glycoproteins form a mesh structure

48
Q

How long is the vaginal canal?

A

→ approximately 10cm long

49
Q

How is infection prevented in the vagina?

A

→ Layers of epithelial cells shed constantly and flow downward with secretions
→ secretions are acidic and provide anti-microbial protection

50
Q

Where are Bartholins glands located?

A

→ Slightly posterior and left and right of the opening to the vagina

51
Q

What do Bartholins glands do?

A

→ Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina

52
Q

What are Bartholins glands homologous to?

A

→ Bulbourethral glands in males

Semester 3 repro (12 decks)

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