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Semester 3 repro > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sperm made and stored?

A

→ In the testes

→ stored in the epididymis

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2
Q

What contracts during ejaculation?

A

→ The vas deferens

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3
Q

Where do the sperm travel to after the vas deferens?

A

→ Seminal vesicle which contribute seminal fluid

→ move to the prostate which also contribute secretions

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4
Q

Where does the vas deferens meet the urethra?

A

→ In the prostatic gland

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5
Q

What is responsible for erections?

A

→ Hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

→ in the scrotum outside the body cavity

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7
Q

Why are the testes located outside the body?

A

→ Optimum temperature for sperm production

→ overheating reduces sperm count

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8
Q

What is the normal volume of the testes and how is this measured?

A

→ 15-25ml

→ orchidometer

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9
Q

What do the tubules lead to?

A

→ Rete on one side

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10
Q

What does the rete lead to?

A

→ Epididymis and vas deferens

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11
Q

What is 90% of the testis made up of?

A

→ seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

→ Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

How long does it take for sperm to go from the basal side to the lumen?

A

→ 74 days

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14
Q

What are sertoli cells held together by?

A

→ Tight junctions

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15
Q

What are tight junctions for?

A

→ preventing an immune response against sperm cells

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16
Q

Describe the formation of spermatozoa

A

→ The sperm start as spermatogonia which are diploid
→ they replicate by mitosis and form 2 types of cell
→ type A and type B
→ type A is used as the template and replicates again
→ type B moves into the adluminal compartment and becomes a primary spermatocyte
→ the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I and become secondary spermatocyted
→ 2ndary spermatocytes divide to form 4 daughter cells (meiosis II)
→ these are spermatids

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17
Q

What are the walls of the seminiferous tubules made from?

A

→ Tall columnar endothelial cells which are Sertoli cells

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18
Q

What are spaces between the seminiferous tubules filled with?

A

→ blood
→ lymphatic vessels
→ Leydig cells

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19
Q

How long does the cycle of spermatogenesis take?

A

→ 74 days

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20
Q

How often do new cycles of spermatogenesis occur?

A

→ every 16 days

21
Q

Summarise spermatogenesis in 3 steps?

A

→ mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia
→ Meiosis and development of spermatocytes
→ spermiogenesis , elongation, loss of cytoplasm and movement of cellular content

22
Q

What do spermatids remain connected by and why?

A

→ A cytoplasmic bridge

→ they form a syncytium allowing synchronous development

23
Q

What are the 2 differences between oogonia and spermatogonia?

A

→ Cannot make more oocytes by mitosis
→ sperm can divide mitotically
→ limited supply of eggs

24
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

→ LH binds

→ Convert cholesterol into testosterone

25
Q

What receptors do Sertoli cells have?

A

→ FSH

26
Q

What is the function of Leydig and Sertoli cells?

A

→ Leydig cells make testosterone

→ Sertoli cells make ABP which makes testosterone more soluble so it can be concentrated in the lumen

27
Q

What happens if you take anabolic steroids?

A

→ Decrease in LH and FSH

→ Testicular atrophy occurs

28
Q

What happens during an erection?

A

→ Vasodilation of the corpus cavernosum

→ Partial constriction of the venous return

29
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do during an erection?

A

→ Coordinated smooth muscle contraction of the vas deferens, glands and urethra

30
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do during an erection?

A

→ controls erections

31
Q

What does the sympathetic system do during an erection?

A

→ Controls the movment of sperm into the epididymis, vas deferens and penile urethra

32
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do during an erection?

A

→ Expulsion of glandular secretions and evacuation of the urethra

33
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

→ 300 million

34
Q

What is the normal ejaculate volume?

A

→ 1.5-6mL

35
Q

What does seminal fluid consist of?

A

→ Secretions from seminal vesicles
→ prostate
→ bulbo-urethral gland and epidydimal fluid

36
Q

What is is the function of the bulbo urethral gland?

A

→ produces a clear viscous secretion high in salt

→ pre-ejaculate

37
Q

What is the function of pre-ejaculate?

A

→ The fluid lubricates the urethra for the spermatozoa to pass through which neutralizes traces of acidic urine

38
Q

What do seminal vesicle secretions contain?

A 
→ Proteins
→ enzymes
→ fructose
→ mucus
→ vitamin C 
→ prostaglandins
39
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle secretions?

A

→ provide an energy source

→ high pH protects again acidic environment in the vagina

40
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

→ Secretes white fluid roughly 30% of seminal fluid

41
Q

What is the function of the prostatic secretions?

A

→ High zinc concentration which is anti bacterial

→ prostatic acid, phosphatase and prostate specific antigen which are involved in liquefaction

42
Q

What should the normal morpholoy % be?

A

→ more than 4% normal

43
Q

What does a spermatozoa’s head contain?

A

→ Acrosome

44
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

→ THe head ‘explodes’ and enzymes are released which make the sperm bury into the zona pellucida of the egg

45
Q

What do sperm need to undergo for them to be functional?

A

→ Capacitation

46
Q

When does capacitation need to occur?

A

→ 4-18 hours of being released

47
Q

What is the mitochondrial sheath for?

A

→ Swimming

48
Q

What does the axoneme consist of and where is it ?

A

→ 9 pairs of tubules with a pair down the center

→ tail

Semester 3 repro (12 decks)

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