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History - USSR > USSR - Section 2 > Flashcards

USSR - Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Lenin die ?

A

21 jan 1924

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2
Q

Why did Trotsky not attend Lenin’s funeral ?

A

Stalin gave him false information so that he would have give the funeral speech

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3
Q

When did Trotsky resign as commissar of war

A

1925

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4
Q

When was Trotsky expelled from the politburo

A

1926

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5
Q

When was Trotsky expelled from the communist party ?

A

1927

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6
Q

When was Trotsky exhaled to Kazakstan ?

A

1928

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7
Q

When was Trotsky exiled from the Soviet Union ?

A

1929

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8
Q

What did Stalin do in 1925

A

Made an alliance with Bukharin and Rykov

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9
Q

By what year was it clear that Stalin had replaced Lenin ?

A

1928

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10
Q

In 1922 what was the Cheka reformed into ?

A

GPU (State political administration )

OGPU (unified state political administration )

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11
Q

What did the OGPU deal with ?

A

Political crimes

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12
Q

What could the OGPU do ?

A

Imprison without trial
Organise trials where the verdict was already decided guilty
Arrest

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13
Q

How many prisoners had been sent into camps by 1920

A

250,000

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14
Q

Who ran the camps ?

A

The gulag

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15
Q

What did Stalin begin in 1934

A

The purges

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16
Q

What happens to those purged ?

A

They were executed, exiled to labour camps, or exiled abroad

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17
Q

Between what years was the great terror ?

A

1936 and 1938

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18
Q

Those who the OGPU purged

A 
Politburo
Communist party
Teachers
Engineers, scientists and industrial workers 
Armed forces 
Secret police
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19
Q

When was Kirov murdered

A

1934

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20
Q

Why did Stalin use propaganda

A

To turn people against his enemies
To get people to accept his decisions
To get people to work harder
To build up a ‘cult of Stalin’

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21
Q

Techniques of propaganda

A 
Show trials
Posters
Writing / poems / songs
Censorship
Radio
Newspaper
Films
School textbooks
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22
Q

In which year was ‘Stalins Constitution’ introduced ? And who now ran the country ?

A

1936

The supreme soviet

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23
Q

How did Stalin control the information given to the public

A

Censorship

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24
Q

What type of culture did Stalin want to achieve ?

A

One which was not very intellectual, where all work produced was ‘low’

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25
Q

What did Stalin rely on to modernise the Soviet Union

A

Collectivisation and industrialisation

26
Q

What was the name given to big collective farms

A

Kolkhozy

27
Q

What was the name given to large state farms

A

Sovkozy

28
Q

When was collectivisation enforced

A

1928

29
Q

Why did peasants not want to collectivise

A

Because they would lose land they were given during the revolution

30
Q

Why was industrialisation necessary

A

Because industry had collapsed during the civil war

31
Q

Who were Lenin’s two main candidates for leadership ?

A

Stalin

Trotsky

32
Q

How did Stalin manage to overcome his rivals

A

Spread false rumours about them
He got his supporters into important jobs
Got rid of his opponents

33
Q

Who owned the land ?

A

The state

34
Q

How much land dud peasants get to themselves after 1935

A

An acre

35
Q

Why did peasants object to collectivisation

A

They did not want to share their time, land, cows and tools
They did not want to work set hours

36
Q

Who were the kulaks ?

A

families that were much better off than others and were the most organised or educated people

37
Q

How did workers ears object to collectivisation

A

Killed their animals
Hid their seed, crops and tools
Burned their homes

Between 1929 and 1933 half the pigs and a 1/4 of cows had been slaughtered

38
Q

Stalins reaction to the workers objection

A

He sent officials to search for hidden crops - if they failed he sent in the army
He purged the kulaks
All peasant as from 1932 onwards were treated like kulaks if they did not collectivise

39
Q

What was the biggest failure of collectivisation

A

The famine -3 million people starved

40
Q

What did the state introduce in 1935

A

A Kolkhoz charter

41
Q

How much farm land had been collectivised by 1935

A

90%

42
Q

Successes of collectivisation

A

Production improved
People adapted to use machinery
Grain and animal numbers recovered
Rationing of bread and other foods ended

43
Q

When was Gosplan set up ?

A

1921

44
Q

What were organised from 1928 onwards ?

A

Three 5 year plans

45
Q

What did the first 5 year plan focus on

A

Setting targets for the production of iron, steel, coal, oil and electricity.
It was said to be reached within 4 years however this was a lie to keep workers encouraged

46
Q

What did the second 5 yet plan focus on

A

The Sam industries as the first but also set targets for tractors and combine harvesters

47
Q

What did the third five year plan focus on

A

Targets were set for luxury consumer items such as radios and bikes

48
Q

Who was the miner who beat his target by 95 tonnes of coal

A

Stakhanov

49
Q

What was set up following the success of a miner

A

Stakhanovite movement where groups had competitions to see who could reach the highest targets

50
Q

What was used to exaggerate the rate of industrialisation

A

Propaganda

51
Q

What did industrialisation improve for the people

A

The living standard

52
Q

Problems with industrialisation

A

Targets were too high
Shortages of materials and goods meant people took bribes
Many workers were unskilled
Factories were unsafe and high accident rates
Factory chimneys gave out fumes that affected people’s health
Gosplans reward system

53
Q

What did Gosplan set up to try and solve problems of industrialisation

A

A bureaucracy

54
Q

What happened to ethnic minorities

A

They received Russification and school children had to have Russian as a second language

55
Q

What happened to those who were religious

A

They were scorned and deported

There were several purges of priests

56
Q

In what year was “progressive piecework” introduced ?

A

1934

57
Q

Reforms affecting women

A 
Non church marriage was set up
Divorce was easier
Women had equal voting rights to men
They had equal pay
They had equal educational opportunities
58
Q

Key features of life for women in the Soviet union after collectivisation

A

They became an important part of Stalin’s industrialisation plans. There was equal pay for equal work and over 100,000 women worked as engineers or in the building trade. It has been estimated that over half a million women worked on the railways. By 1940 over 13 million women were working in industry in the Soviet Union.

special steps were taken to allow them to work in factories. So free childcare was provided until children were old enough to go to school. There were free laundries and also free canteens to feed women at work and children at school.

Several reforms were put in place that affected women following the revolution. These included the set up of non-church marriage, easier divorce, equal voting rights to men and equal pay.

59
Q

Effects of the cult of Stalin

A

People lived in fear of Stalin. Citizens were afraid to do anything that opposed the beliefs of Stalin and those in the cult and so could not object or have their our opinion as it would result in severe punishment e.g sent to the Gulag. If someone knew of another person that opposed Stalin they were told to turn them in for a reward. School children were the main targets of this scheme as they were easily persuaded

People were lead to believe incorrect information by the use of propaganda along with censorship. Propaganda encouraged people to support Stalin and made them believe all they were told. Since Stalin aimed to create a society in which all work was low and people were less intelligent, people were more likely to believe what they were told, as they did not have the education to think otherwise. Propaganda was in many different forms

LINKED BECAUSE PROPAGANDA PERSUADED PEOPLE WHAT STALIN WANTED THEM TO BELIVE AND SCARED THEM INTO NOT OPPOSING HIM AND THE CULT.

60
Q

Why did Stalin introduce the purges ?

A

To remove any political opponents once it was set up in 1934 - they were so harsh that between 1936 and 38 the period was called the great terror. Sent people to the Gulag and by 1938 there were 7 million imprisoned
The purges allowed Stalin to safely maintain his leadership.

To scare people into not opposing him, as people were scared of being exiled

History - USSR (3 decks)

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