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Anatomy > usmle histo > Flashcards

usmle histo Flashcards

1
Q

discontinuous voluntary contraction, multinuclear striated unbranched fibers, actin and myosin overlapping for banding patter, TRIADIC t tubules, troponin and desmin as Z disc intermediate filament

A

sk mm

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2
Q

continuous involuntary contraction, uninuclear striated branched fibers, actin and myosin overlapping for banding pattern, DYADIC T tubules, interacalated discs, troponin and desmin as a Z disc intermediate filament

A

cardiac mm

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3
Q

involuntary contraction; uninuclear nontriated fibers, actin and myosin not forming banding pattern; lack of T tubules, gap junctions, and calmodulin

A

sm mm

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4
Q

what segment of the sm intestine is associated w/ Brunner’s glands

A

duodenum

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5
Q

who is responsible for passing on mito DNA genetic disorders

A

mom

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6
Q

what part of a neuron receives info

A

dendrite

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7
Q

what type of collagen is assoc w/ basement membrane

A

IV

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8
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the prostatic portion of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium

the distal portion of the penile urethra has stratified epithelium

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9
Q

what cell of the nephron is responsible for renin production and secretion

A

JG cell

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10
Q

what cell surface modification of ependymal cells and respiratory epithelium has a 9+2 microtubular configuration and mov’t as its function

A

cilia

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11
Q

T or F
the following are functions of hepatocytes: protein production, bile secretion, detoxification, conjugation, and lipid storage

A

t

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12
Q

what substance found in eosinophils is toxic to parastic worms

A

major basic protein

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13
Q

after fertilization, what cells of the corpus luteum…

  1. secrete progesterone
  2. secrete estrogen
A
  1. granulosa cells (form from follicular cells)

2. theca cells (form from theca interna)

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14
Q

on what layer of the epidermis does all mitosis occur

A

malpighian layer (stratum basale and stratum spinosum)

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15
Q

what ribosomal subunit binds first to the mRNA strand

A

sm subunit (40)

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16
Q

what is the T cell area of the spleen

A

PALS

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17
Q

what element is needed for the proper alignment of tropocollagen molecules

A

copper

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18
Q

what type of cell surface projection lies on the lateral surface of cells closest to the apex and acts to seal off the outside environment from the rest of the body

A

zonula occludens (tight junctions)

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19
Q

what organelle is responsible for ribosome assembly and ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

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20
Q

what sweat gland type is assoc w/ odor production and hair follicles and is found in the axilla

A 
APocrinE glands (APEs)
Axilla, Areolar, and Anus all begin w/ A. Apes are hairy (assoc w/ hair follicles). They smell poor (odor production) and if confronted by an APE, your Adrenergic nervous system would be firing (innervation)
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21
Q

what papillae send their senses via chora tympani of CN VII

A

fungiform papillae

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22
Q

t or f

the portal tract of the liver lobule is the first area to be oxygenated in the liver

A

t

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23
Q

name the chromosome and haploid number

  1. spermatogonia (type A)
  2. spermatogonia (type B)
  3. primary spermatocyte
  4. secondary spermatocyte
  5. spermatid
A
  1. 46/2n divide meiotically
  2. 46/2n divide mitotically
  3. 46/4n
  4. 23/2n
  5. 23/1n
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24
Q

what are the four functions of SER

A

steroid synthesis
drug detox
triglyceride resynthesis
Ca handling

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25
Q

which Ig is secreted by the plasma cells in the GI tract

A

IgA

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26
Q

what area of the lymph node is considered the thymic-dependent area

A

inner cortex (paracortex) contains the T cells, so it is considered the thypic dependent area

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27
Q

what type of chromatin is transcriptionally inactive

A

heterochromatin (the light stuff)

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28
Q

both submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by VII and produce mucus and serous secretions. Which one mainly produces serous secretions

A

submandibular gland

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29
Q

what is the only neuroglial cell of mesodermal origin

A

microglia

all others are neuroectoderm

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30
Q

where is tropocollagen aggregated to form a collagen fibril

A

outside the cell

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31
Q

what are the four posttranslational modifications done by Golgi apparatus

A
  1. phosph mannose (lysosomes)
  2. remove mannose
  3. form glycosylate proteins
  4. phosphoryate sulfate aa’s
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32
Q

what is the epithelial cell lining the nasopharynx

A

stratified sq nonkeratinized has cilia that beat toward the oropharynx

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33
Q

what are the three epidermal derivates

A

nail
hair
sweat glands

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34
Q

what are the long microvilli in the inner ear and male reproductive tract called

A

stereocilia

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35
Q

t or f

the central vein of the liver lobule is the first area affected during hypoxia

A

t

blood flows from the portal tracts (distal) to the central vein (proximal)

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36
Q

what cell of the male repro system produces testosterone

A

leydic cells (from LH)

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37
Q

myelin is produced by which cells in the PNS?

in the CNS?

A

Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

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38
Q

what cell type of epidermis functions as antigen-presenting cell

A

langerhans (in stratum spinosum)

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39
Q

what cell type is found in the peripheral white pulp of the spleen

A

B cells

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40
Q

what area of the female repro tract is lined by stratified sq epi rich in glycogen

A

vagina

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41
Q

what encapsulated lymphoid organ is characterized by presence of Hassall’s corpuscles, and absence of germinal centers an dB cells

A

thymus

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42
Q

what cell transports IgA, is secreted by plasma cells, and is in Peyer’s patches to the GI lumen

A

M-cells

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43
Q

what are the cells of the parathyroid gland that produce PTH

A

chief cells

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44
Q

what skin type on the palms and soles is characterized by the absence of hair follicles and presence of stratum lucidum

A

thick-skin

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45
Q

what is the name of the hydrophilic pores that allow the diret passage of ions and particles between two adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

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46
Q

what type of lysosome is formed when lysosome fuses with a substrate for breakdown

A

secondary lysosome (active)

47
Q

what cell membrane structure increases the surface area of a cell and has actin randomly assorted within its structure

A

microvillus

48
Q

what are the four components of the basement membrane

A
  1. laminin
  2. heparan sulfate
  3. fibronectin
  4. type IV collagen
49
Q

what organelle synthesizes proteins that are intended to stay within the cell

A

free polysomes- membrane associated polysomes are the site of protein synthesis destined to leave the cell

50
Q

what cell type of the body or fundus of the stomach secretes IF and HCl

A

parietal cells

51
Q

what cell type of the body or fundus of the stomach secretes pepsinogen

A

cief cells

52
Q

what hormone, produced by the granulosa cell, stimulates the endometrium to enter the proliferative phase

A

estrogen (1-14)

53
Q

what cells of the nephron function as sodium conc sensors of the tubular fluid

A

macula densa

54
Q

what type of chromatin is transcriptionally active

A

euchromatin (dark stuff)

55
Q

what cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

56
Q

t or f

the nucleus is the site of transcription

A

TRUE

57
Q

how many days after LH surge is ovulation

A

one day

58
Q

in what layer of ht epidermis is melanin transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes

A

stratum spinosum

59
Q

what cells of the epidermis, derived from the neural crest, act as mechanoreceptors

A

merkel cells (merkel’s tactile cells)

60
Q

what substance do the JG cells of the kidney secrete in response to low blood pressure

A

renin

61
Q

what is the rule of one-third regarding mm type of the esophagus

A

upper third - sk mm
middle third- mixed
lower third - sm mm

62
Q

what area of the lymph node contains germinal centers

A

outer cortex

63
Q

t or f

the gallbladder functions to produce bile

A

false- it concentrates bile via active sodium transport, water follows

64
Q

t or f

depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane excites the neuron

A

t

65
Q

in the alveoli, what cell type is…

  1. for gas exchange
  2. responsible for producing surfactant
  3. part of mononuclear phagocytic system
A
  1. type I pneumocytes
  2. type II pneumocytes
  3. alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
66
Q

which trophoblast layer of the placenta remains until the end of pregnancy

A

syncytiotrophoblast

67
Q

what is the first epidermal layer without organelles and nuclei

A

stratum lucidum

68
Q

what area of the sm intestine is characterized by Peyer’s patches

A

ileum

69
Q

what lymphoid organ has the following characteristics: outer and inner cortical areas, encapsulationm, germinal centers, and high endothelial venules

A

lymph nodes

70
Q

what area of the nephron is sensitive to the effects of ADH

A

collecting ducts, which make them readily permeable to water reabsorption

71
Q

what is the name of RER in neurons

A

nissle substance

72
Q

what hormone causes milk letdown

A

oxytocin

73
Q

what are the three reasons for the effectiveness of the bbb

A

tight junctions
capillaries w/o fenestrations
very selective pinocytosis

74
Q

what cell type of the epidermis originates from the neural crest

A

melanocytes

75
Q

if no fertilization occurs, how many days after ovulation does the corpus luteum begin to degenerate

A

12 days

76
Q

what area of the spleen consists of splenic cords of Billroth and phagocytoses RBCS

A

red pulp

Red pulp and RBCs

77
Q

what is the name of the protein coat that surrounds the nuclear envelope

A

vimentin

78
Q

what papillae are touch receptors on the tongue and send their sensations via CN V3

A

filiform papillae

79
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the epidermis

A

statum corneum

80
Q

what syndrome is characterized by dynein arm abnormality resulting in chronic sinusitis, recurrent pulmonary infections, and infertility

A

Kartagener’s syndrome

81
Q

what are the functions of the zonula occludens and zonula adherens

A

provide attachment between contjuous cells and to maintain a semipermeable barrier

82
Q

what is the name of the SER of striated mm

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

where do sperm go for maturation

A

ductus epididymis- lined w/ pseudostratified epithelium w/ stereocilia

84
Q

when is the first arrested stage of development in the femal repro cycle

A

prophase of meiosis I (between 12th and 22nd week in utero)

85
Q

what is the longest and most convoluted segment of the nephron

A

PCT

86
Q

what cells of the epidermis carry the pigment melanin

A

keratinocytes- the most numerous cells in the epidermis, carry melanin and produce keratin

87
Q

what segment of the GI tract lacks villi, has crypts, and actively transports sodium out of its lumen

A

large intestine, water is passively removed

88
Q

what two areas of the skin do not contain sebacceous glands

A

palms and soles of feet

89
Q

which of the foloowing is not part of the conduncting portion of the respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, alveoli, or larynx

A

alveoli- they are part of the respiratory portion

90
Q

where are the enzymes for the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation found

A

inner membrane of the mito (cristae)

91
Q

what lymphoid organ is characterized by germinal centers, plasma cells that secrete IgA, and no encapsulation

A

Peyer’s patch

92
Q

what generate anterograde transport of information in a neuron

A

kinesins

dynein generates retrograde transportation of info

93
Q

what is the only glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that binds to the linker portion of the proteoglycan

A

hyaluronic acid

94
Q

what cell in bone is a part of the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

osteoclasts

95
Q

what three factors do Sertoli cells produce for male developoment

A

mullerian-inhibiting factor
andrgen binding protein
inhibin

96
Q

what epidermal layer’s function is to release lipids to act as a sealant

A

stratum granulosum

97
Q

what does the tunica intima of arteries have that veins do not

A

internal elastic lamina

98
Q

what cell of the duodenum contains high conc of lysozymes and has phagocytic activity

A

paneth cells

99
Q

what maintains the osmotic gradient that is critical to the concentrating ability of the kidney

A

vena recta

100
Q

are the JG cells of the nephron a part of the afferent or efferent arteriole

A

afferent

101
Q

what cell of the duodenum secretes CCK

A

EnteroEndocrine (EE) cells, they also secrete secretin

102
Q

what are the proteoglycans of cartilage and bone

A

chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

103
Q

what is the term for the first 3 to 5 days of femal reproductive cycle

A

menses

104
Q

what is the second arrested stage of development in the female reproductive cycle

A

metaphase of meiosis II (in the oocyte of the graafian follicle)

105
Q

what ribosomal subunit sizes do eukaryotic cells have

A

60S and 40S. the large subunits are made in the nucleolus and the small subunits are made in the nucleus

106
Q

what term describes how an action potential is propagated along an axon

A

saltatory conduction

107
Q

what phase of the female repro cylce is 14 days long

A 
secretory phase (progesterone dependent and 14 days long)
aka luteal phase
108
Q

a single mRNA strand translated by a ribosome is termed what

A

polysome. Ribosomes fead from the 5’ to 3’ end –> synthesizing in 3’ to 5’

109
Q

what cell is under control of FSH and testosterone; secretes inhibin, MIF, and androgen binding protein; and phagocytizes the excess cytoplasm of the spermatid

A

sertoli cell

110
Q

what histone binds two nucleosomes together

A

H1

111
Q

what is the maor inorganic component of bone

A

hydroxyapatite

112
Q

what cells of the adrenal gland are neural crest derivatives

A

chromaffin cells

113
Q

where does veta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids begin

A

peroxisome until it is 10 C long; the rest is completed in the mito

114
Q

what organelles make ATP, have their own dsDNA, and can synthesize protein

A

mito

Anatomy (3 decks)

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