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Anatomy > usmle anatomy > Flashcards

usmle anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

Medial breast by parasternal nodes; deep breast by axillary nodes; lateral breast by pectoral nodes. Lymphatic obstruction by cancer causes thick leathery skin

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2
Q

Cooper ligaments

A

Attach the mammary gland to the skin. Distortion by breast cancer produces skin dimpling.

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3
Q

Irrigation of the breast

A

Internal thoracic, lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries.

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4
Q

Hematogenous route of breast metastasis to brain

A

Intercostal vein –> external vertebral plexus –> internal venous plexus –> cranial dural sinuses

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5
Q

Throracic outlet syndrome

A

Anomalous cervical rib compresses the lower trunk of brachial plexus, subclavian artery or both. Atrophy of thenar and hypothenar eminences, sensory deficit on medial side of forearm and hand

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6
Q

Boundaries of the mediastinum

A

Laterally by the pleural cavities, anteriorly by sternum, posteriorly by vertebral column.

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7
Q

Structures of the superior mediastinum

A

Thymus, superior vena cava, arch of the aorta, vagus, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct

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8
Q

Branches of the arch of the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

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9
Q

Right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve is in the neck and passes under the right subclavian artery to ascend to larynx. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes under aortic arch in the thorax to ascend to larynx. Both are branches of vagus nerves.

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10
Q

Landmarks of the trachea

A

From below the cricoid cartilage (C6) to the carina (behind sternal angle)

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11
Q

Landmarks of the esophagus

A

Cricoid cartilage (C6) to esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (T10). It lies posterior to the trachea.

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12
Q

Structures of the middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium, phrenic nerves, heart

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13
Q

Phrenic nerves

A

Arise from ventral rami of C3, C4, C5. Motor inervation of the diaphragm and sensory innervation of the diaphragmatic pleura. Pass through the middle mediastinum lateral to the pericardium. Injury results in pleuritic chest pain irradiated to shoulder and neck

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14
Q

Structures of the anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus, fat and areolar tissue

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15
Q

Structures of the posterior mediastinum

A

Descending aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein, splachnic nerves, vagus nerves and sympathetic trunk.

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16
Q

Borders of the heart

A

Right border is right atrium; left border is left atrium and ventricle; inferior border is right ventricle.

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17
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

Posterior surface (base) is left atrium; anterior surface is right ventricle; diaphragmatic surface (inferior) left ventricle

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18
Q

What nerve roots form the superior trunk of brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6

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19
Q

What nerve roots form the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

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20
Q

What nerve roots form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8, T1

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21
Q

Muscles innervated by the axillary nerve

A

Deltoid and teres minor

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22
Q

Muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

A

Biceps, brachial, choracobrachial

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23
Q

Muscles innervated by the radial nerve

A

Triceps and extensor muscles on the posterior compartments of arm and forearm

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24
Q

Muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial part of the flexor digitorus profundus, lumbricals 3 and 4, palmar interosseous, dorsal interosseous, adductor pollicis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi

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25
Q

Muscles innervated by the median nerve

A

Flexor muscles of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of flexor digitorus profundus, lumbricals 1 and 2, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis.

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26
Q

Actions of the axillary nerve

A

Abduct shoulder (deltoid), lateral roation of the shoulder (teres minor)

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27
Q

Actions of the musculocutaneous nerve

A

Flexes elbow (biceps, chorachobrachial), supination (biceps brachii)

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28
Q

Actions of the radial nerve

A

Extends digits, wrist and elbow. Supination.

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29
Q

Actions of the ulnar nerve

A

Flexes wrist and digits 4 and 5. Abducts and adducts digits 2, 3, 4, 5.

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30
Q

Actions of the median nerve

A

Flexes wrist and digits, pronation; abduction, opposition and flexion of the thumb

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31
Q

Clinical features of injury of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus

A

C5, C6 are injured due to adduction traction of the arm and hyperextension of the neck (fall on shoulder or pull baby by the neck). Results in Erb-Duchene paralysis damaging axillary, musculocutaneous, suprascapular and phrenic nerves. Loss of shoulder and anterior arm muscles. Arm is medially rotated and adducted, forearm is extended and pronated (waiter’s tip)

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32
Q

Clinical features of injury of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus

A

C8, T1 are injured by a sudden abduction upward pull of the arm (pull baby by the arm). Results in thoracic outlet syndrome damaging median and ulnar nerves as well as T1 sympathetics. Loss of muscles of forearm and hand and Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis)

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33
Q

Long thoracic nerve injury

A

Paralysis of the serratus anterior. No abduction of the arm past the horizontal position. Can’t push (winging of the scapula)

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34
Q

Axillary nerve injury

A

Injured by fracture at the surgical neck of humerus or anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Cant abduct the shoulder to the horizontal plane, cant lateral rotate shoulder (teres minor). Sensory loss at the shoulder.

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35
Q

Radial nerve injury at the axilla

A

Shoulder dislocation or pressure on the floor of the axilla. No extension of the elbow, wrist or digits. Weak supination. Sensory loss of posterior arm, posterior forearm and posterolateral hand. Wrist drop””

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36
Q

Radial nerve injury at the arm

A

Midshaft fracture of the humerus. No extension of the wrist or digits. Sensory loss on the posterior forearm and posterolateral hand. Wrist drop””

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37
Q

Radial nerve injury at the wrist

A

Sensory loss on the lateral part of the dorsum of the hand. No extension of the digits.

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38
Q

Median nerve injury at the elbow

A

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Weak flexion of the wrist with ulnar deviation upon flexion. No flexion of digits 1 and 2, thenar muscles and lumbricals 1 and 2. Sensory loss on lateral palm and fingers 1, 2 and 3. Flattening of the thenar eminence (ape hand) and index and middle fingers cant make a fist.

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39
Q

Median nerve injury at the wrist

A

Slashing of the wrist (suicide attempt). Loss of thenar muscles and lumbricals 1 and 2. Sensory loss on lateral palm and fingers 1, 2 and 3. Flattening of the thenar eminence (ape hand) and index and middle fingers cant make a fist.

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40
Q

Ulnar nerve injury at the elbow

A

Fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Hand deviates radially when flexed (injured flexor carpis ulnaris), no flexion of ring and little fingers (injured flexor digitorus profundus and lumbricals 3, 4), abduction and adduction of the fingers is lost (injured palmar and dorsal interosseous), no adduction of the thumb, no movement of little finger. Sensory loss on lateral half of ring finger and little finger. Claw hand”.”

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41
Q

Ulnar nerve injury at the wrist

A

Slashing of the wrist (suicide attempt). Loss of abduction and adduction of the digits, loss of hypothenar muscles and lumbricals 3, 4. Sensory loss on lateral half of digit 4 and 5. Claw hand”.”

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42
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve injury

A

Loss of elbow flexion and weak suppination. Loss of sensation on lateral aspect of the forearm.

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43
Q

Branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

A

Right subclavian and right common carotid arteries

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44
Q

Branches of the subclavian artery

A

Internal thoracic artery (continuous with superior epigastric and inferior epigastric which provide colateral circulation in postductal coarctation of the aorta), vertebral artery.

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45
Q

Branches of the axillary artery

A

Thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic (mammary gland), subscapular (collateral to shoulder), posterior and anterior humeral circumflex arteries.

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46
Q

Branches of the brachial artery

A

Deep brachial artery (together with radial nerve at midshaft of humerus), ulnar artery and radial artery at the cubital fossa.

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47
Q

Branches of the ulnar artery

A

Common interosseous artery and superficial palmar arch

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48
Q

Branches of the radial artery

A

Deep palmar arch

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49
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis, Infraspinatous, Teres minor, Supraspinatous. SITS””

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50
Q

What are the joints of the elbow and what is the function of each?

A

Humeroulnar and humeroradial permit flexion and extension. The radioulnar permits pronation and supination.

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51
Q

Wrist and hand joints

A

Radiocarpal joint (between the distal radius and scaphoid/lunate carpal bones), ulnocarpal joint, midcarpal joint (between proximal and distal carpal bones), carpometacarpal joints.

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52
Q

What are the carpal bones

A

From lateral to medial. Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform. Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

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53
Q

What are the structures in the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (4 tendons), flexor digitalis profundus (4 tendons), flexor pollicis longus and median nerve.

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54
Q

Fracture of the scaphoid bone

A

Results in avascular necrosis of the proximal head of the scaphoid.

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55
Q

Lunate bone dislocation

A

Results in median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel

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56
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

Seven

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57
Q

Main characteristic of cervical vertebrae

A

They have an opening in the transverse process - the transverse foramina - which carries vertebral artery and vein.

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58
Q

What artery does the vertebral artery emerge from?

A

Subclavian artery

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59
Q

Why are transient ischemic attacks produced?

A

Compression of the vertebral artery within the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae by osteoarthritic osteophytes

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60
Q

How many throracic vertebrae are there?

A

Twelve

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61
Q

What vertebrae does the 3rd rib articulate with?

A

Superior portion of T3 and inferior portion of T2

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62
Q

Where does the C4 spinal nerve exit from the spine?

A

The intervertebral foramen formed by C4 and C3

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63
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit from?

A

The intervertebral foramen formed by T1 and C7

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64
Q

What nerve root does herniation of L5/S1 disc affect?

A

S1

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65
Q

Structure of the intervertebral disc

A

Center part is semigelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by fibrocartilage anulus fibrosus

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66
Q

What nerve root does herniation of C5/C6 disc affect?

A

C6

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67
Q

Boundaries of the intervertebral foramen

A

Superiorly and inferiorly by the pedicles; anteriorly by the bodies; posteriorly by the zygapophyseal joint.

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68
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Exageration of the thoracic curvature in the elderly

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69
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Exageration of the lumbar curvature in pregnancy, spondylolisthesis or beerbelly

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70
Q

Defect in spina bifida oculta

A

Vertebral arch is absent.

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71
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral deviation or torsion caused by polio, leg length discrepancy, hip disease or hemivertebrae

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72
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Chronic stress fracture of pars interarticularis (between pedicle and lamina). Associated with young athletes (L5). Scottie Dog x-ray

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73
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Pedicles degenerate or dont develop. Affected vertebra moves anteriorly with respect to the one below it. Ususally L4/L5 (degenerative) or L5/S1 (congenital)

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74
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative process in elderly with formation of osteophytes and bone spurs.

75
Q

Ankylosing spondylosis

A

Inflammatory osteoarthritis, ossification of anulus fibrosus results in lack of mobility and bamboo” spine. HLA-B27”

76
Q

Route of metastasis to brain

A

From breast, lung or prostate via internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral veins or external vertebral venous plexus.

77
Q

What structures can compress a spinal nerve root?

A

The intervertebral disc herniates posterolaterally or the zygapophyseal joint.

78
Q

How is a spinal nerve formed?

A

The dorsal sensitive root and the ventral motor root; the dorsal root cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion; the ventral root cell bodies are in the gray matter of the spinal cord

79
Q

What are the meninges?

A

From inside out: pia mater (attached to spinal cord), arachnoid and dura mater. Outside of the dura is the epidural space; between pia and arachnoid is the subarachnoid space and contains CSF.

80
Q

What is the inferior limit of the spinal cord?

A

L1/L2

81
Q

Where is the spinal tap performed?

A

L4/L5 disc

82
Q

What are the layers that the neddle must pass to perform the spinal tap?

A

Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, interlaminar space, epidural space, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space.

83
Q

Sympathetic innervation of head and neck viscera

A

T1 and T2 via superior cervical ganglion

84
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

A

T1 via cervicothoracic ganglion and T3

85
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

T1 via cervicothoracic ganglion and T3

86
Q

Sympathetic innervation of foregut and midgut

A

T4, T5, T6

87
Q

Sympathetic innervation of cutaneous organs

A

T7-T12

88
Q

Sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands of hindgut and pelvic viscera

A

L1, L2

89
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of pupillary sphincter

A

III cranial nerve via ciliary ganglion

90
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of cilliary muscle

A

III cranial nerve via ciliary ganglion

91
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular and sublingual gland

A

VII cranial nerve via submandibullar ganglion

92
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland, nasal and oral mucosa

A

VII cranial nerve via pterygopalatine ganglion

93
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland

A

IX cranial nerve via otic ganglion

94
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

X cranial nerve

95
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of hindgut and pelvic viscera

A

S2-S4

96
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

Medial breast via parasternal nodes; deep breast via axillary nodes; lateral breast via pectoral nodes

97
Q

What are the cooper ligaments and clinical significance

A

Attach the mammary gland to the skin. A tumor mass distorts these ligaments and causes dimpling of the skin

98
Q

Structure and articulations of the sternum

A

Manubrium articulates with clavicle and first rib; sternal angle is formed by union of manubrium and body of sternum and it articulates with the 2nd rib; body of the sternum articulates with ribs 3-7

99
Q

Disk herniation: C4/C5

A

Compression of C5. Affects axillary nerve, shoulder and lateral surface of upper limb, deltoid muscle. Weak abduction of the arm.

100
Q

Disk herniation: C5/C6

A

Compression of C6. Affects musculocutaneous nerve, thumb, biceps brachialis, brachio-radialis. Weak flexion of forearm, supination or pronation.

101
Q

Disk herniation: C6/C7

A

Compression of C7. Affects radial nerve, posterior surface of upper limb, middle and index fingers, triceps and wrist extensors. Weak extension of forearm and wrist.

102
Q

Teardrop fracture

A

Hyperflexion of the cervical region (car accident, diving into shallow water). Teardrop fracure of anterior vertebral body, posterior subluxation of the vertebra, fracture of spinous process, tear of anterior and/or posterior longitudinal ligaments. Quadriplegia and loss of sensation.

103
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

Caused by compression of cervical region. Multiple fracture of C1, lateral displacement of C1, tear of transverse ligament.

104
Q

Hangman fracture

A

Caused by hyperextension of cervical region (hanging, car accident in which chin hits dashboard). Bilateral fracture of pars articularis of C2, anterior subluxation of C2, tear of anterior longitudinal ligament.

105
Q

Chance fracture

A

Caused by hyperflexion of lumbar column (car accident with lap seat belt only). Transverse fracture of vertebral body and spinous process, rupture of intervertebral disk and tear of posterior longitudinal ligament.

106
Q

Muscles of the abdominal wall

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverse, rectus abdominus, transversalis fascia

107
Q

What structures form the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominus muscles

108
Q

What structures form the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of the external and internal abodminal oblique muscles

109
Q

What structures form the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

110
Q

What structures form the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia (laterally) and cojoined tendon (medial)

111
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord and where do they derive from?

A

External spermatic fascia (derives from external oblique fascia), middle spermatic fascia and cremaster muscle (internal oblique muscle), internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia), testicular artery, Pampiniform venous plexus, vas deferens

112
Q

Where and what forms the deep inguinal ring?

A

Its formed by the transversalis fascia just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

113
Q

Direct inguinal hernia

A

Protrussion through the posterior wall of inguinal canal (triangle of Hasselbach) medial to the inferior epigastric vessels and deep inguinal ring

114
Q

Indirect inguinal herna

A

Protrussion through the deep ingiunal ring and courses through the inguinal canal

115
Q

What is the cause of a congenial indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Persistence of the process vaginalis

116
Q

MCC site of femoral hernia

A

Medial from femoral vein just below inguinal canal. MC in women.

117
Q

Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

Psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus

118
Q

Muscle that flexes the hip

A

Psoas major

119
Q

Lobes of the liver

A

Right and left lobes divided by the falciform ligament. Right lobe is subdivided into quadrate, proper and caudate lobes

120
Q

Omental bursa

A

Cavity behind the stomach, has epiploic foramen

121
Q

Structures of the epiploic foramen

A

Anteriorly the portal triad and hepatoduodenal ligament. Posteriorly the inferior vena cava and head of the pancreas

122
Q

Structures and associations of the portal triad

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct. Associated with the hepatoduodenal ligament and the free border of the lesser omentum

123
Q

How is the common bile duct formed?

A

By the cystic (gallbladder) duct and the common hepatic duct

124
Q

What are the pancreatic ducts and where do they open?

A

Major duct of Wirsung (developes from ventral pancreatic diverticulum) and minor duct of Santorini (develop from dorsal pancreatic diverticulum). They open into the 2nd portion of the duodenum.

125
Q

Irrigation of the pancreas

A

The head is irrigated by superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. The body and tail from the splenic arteries.

126
Q

Major branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, right and left renal arteries. It bifurcates into the common iliac arteries which further divide into the internal and external iliac arteries.

127
Q

Branches of the celiac trunk

A

Left gastric artery (lesser curvature of stomach), splenic artery, common hepatic artery

128
Q

Branches of the common hepatic artery

A

Proper hepatic artery and gastroduodenal arteries. Gastroduodenal artery branches into gastroepiploic artery (major curvature of stomach) and pancreaticoduodenal artery.

129
Q

Irrigation of the colon

A

Cecum, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon irrigated by superior mesenteric artery. Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid and rectum irrigated by inferior mesenteric artery

130
Q

Branches of the superior mesenteric artery

A

Ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries.

131
Q

Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

Left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal arteries

132
Q

Gallstone ileus

A

Large stone passes through a fistula between gallbladder and small bowel which allows air to enter biliary tree and obstructs ileocecal valve

133
Q

Prepatellar bursitis

A

Due to prolonged kneeling. Knee pain, erythema, swelling

134
Q

Acromioclavicular ligament

A

Between acromion and clavicle in the distal end

135
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament

A

At the proximal clavicle

136
Q

Median nerve trajectory at the wrist

A

Between flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus then carpal tunel

137
Q

Supraspinatous tendon

A

Between acromion and the head of the humerus; most affected by rotator cuff injury

138
Q

Loud noises

A

Deafness due to injury of hair cells of the organ of corti; high frequency sounds first

139
Q

Posterior duodenal ulcer affects which structure?

A

Gastroduodenal artery; results in hemorrhage

140
Q

Catheter access to aorta from femoral vein

A

Has to puncture fossa ovalis and pass mitral valve

141
Q

Superior mesenteric artery relationships

A

Forms a 45 degree angle with aorta which overrides horizontal portion of the duodenum (posterior to SMA)

142
Q

Bones that articulate with the radius at the wrist

A

Scaphoid (lateral) and lunate (medial)

143
Q

Ulnar nerve injury

A

Results in claw hand; injury usually at the medial epicondyle or hook of the hamate and pisiform in the wrist

144
Q

Site for intramuscular injections

A

Superolateral quadrant of the buttocks

145
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Originates in medial clavicle and manubrium and inserts in the mastoid process; rotates head to opposite side innervation by the XI nerve

146
Q

Winged scapula

A

Injury of long thoracic nerve which supplies serratus anterior and abducts the shoulder to horizontal position; can be caused by trauma or mastectomy

147
Q

Associations of the duodenum

A

First portion is not retroperitoneal; second portion with the head of the pancreas and ampulla of Vater; third (horizontal) portion with the superior mesenteric artery (anteriorly) and aorta (posteriorly)

148
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

Branch of maxillary artery; fracture of the pterion results in damage and epidural hematoma

149
Q

Pterion

A

Fronto-parieto-temporal junction at the sphenoid bone; fracture results in middle meningeal artery damage

150
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Motor innervation of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid; sensory innvervation below vocal cords

151
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve

A

Motor innervation of cricothyroid muscle and sensory innervation above vocal cords

152
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Motor innervation of flexors of the leg and toes and sensory innervation of sole of the foot

153
Q

Retroperitoneal hematoma

A

Trauma to tail of the pancreas

154
Q

Knee joint structures

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments; lateral and medial meniscus; medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments; injured in contact sports

155
Q

Trendelenburg sign

A

Hip moves downward when ipsilateral leg is lifted off ground –> injury to superior gluteal nerve

156
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

CN III and CN V1 passage; injury results in external strabismus and loss of corneal reflex

157
Q

Sound perception

A

Low frequency sounds –> apex of the cochlea/helicotrema; high frequency sounds –> base of cochlea

158
Q

Avascular necrosis of the femoral neck

A

Damage to medial femoral circumflex artery

159
Q

Midshaft fracture of the humerus

A

Damages radial nerve and deep brachial artery

160
Q

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus

A

Damage to brachial artery and median nerve

161
Q

Popliteal fossa structures

A

Popliteal artery, vein and tibial nerve (flexion of the foot)

162
Q

Trauma to the head of the fibula

A

Damage to common peroneal nerve which divides into superficial (lateral compartment of the leg) and deep (anterior compartment and dorsiflexion of foot) peroneal nerves; results in foot drop injury

163
Q

Divisions of sciatic nerve

A

Common peroneal and tibial nerves; just proximal to the popliteal fossa

164
Q

Diaphragmatic surface of the heart

A

inferior wall of the left ventricle

165
Q

Pudendal block

A

Intravaginally near the tip of the ischial spine

166
Q

Origin of musculocutaneous nerve

A

Ventral rami of C5-C7 trunk

167
Q

Abduction of the thigh

A

Superior gluteal and femoral nerves

168
Q

Adduction of the thigh

A

Obturator nerve

169
Q

Flexion of the thigh

A

Psoas and iliacus muscles innervated by lumbar plexus and femoral nerves

170
Q

Irrigation of lesser curvature

A

left gastric artery

171
Q

Relationships of the ureters

A

Cross over external iliac and pass lateral to the internal iliac and medial to gonadal arteries

172
Q

Suspensory ligaments of the ovary

A

Deliver nerves and vessels to the ovary

173
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

Lower border of parietal pleura is 7th rib/MCL or upper border of 10th rib/MAL; lower border of lung is 2 intercostal spaces above pleural border; therfore insert needle at 7th rib/MCL or 9th rib/MAL

174
Q

Important nuclei of the thalamus

A

spinothalamic/medial lemniscus –> VPL; trigeminal –> VPM; auditory –> MGB; visual –> LGB

175
Q

Sensory innervation of the tongue

A

General sensation of anterior 2/3 –> trigeminal; gustatory sensation anterior 2/3 –> facial (chorda tympani); posterior 2/3 –> CN IX

176
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

C3-C5 –> motor innervation of diaphragm and sensory innervation of diaphragmatic pleura; irritation results in pleuritic chest pain irradiated to shoulder and neck

177
Q

Branches of radial nerve

A

Deep (motor), superficial (sensory); branch at lateral epicondyle of humerus where it meets radial head –> injury results in motor deficit without sensory loss

178
Q

Stapedius muscle

A

Innervated by branch of CN VII –> paralysis –> hyperacusis

179
Q

Superior limits of the lungs

A

Above the clavicle; puncture wound to neck can cause pneumothorax

180
Q

Drainning of testicles

A

Right to IVC; left to left renal vein

181
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Ascension is prevented by angle between aorta and inferior mesenteric artery

182
Q

Hydrocele

A

Fluid acumulation within tunica vaginalis

183
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Enters thorax through aortic hiatus; empties into left subclavian

184
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Formed by union of common iliac veins at L4; renal veins join IVC at L1/L2

Anatomy (3 decks)

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