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Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What do NPK fertilisers contain?

A

Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

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2
Q

What does phosphorus do in NPK fertilisers?

A

For cell growth, flower and fruit growth

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3
Q

What does nitrogen do in NPK fertilisers?

A

Needed for leafy green growth

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4
Q

What is the purpose of potassium in NPK fertilisers?

A

Better fruits and flowers

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5
Q

What are NPK fertilisers a formulation of?

A

Different salts which contain the required elements in the percentage needed by the plant

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6
Q

What is the main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers?

A

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

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7
Q

How do we make ammonia?

A

Habe process

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8
Q

How do wr make nitric acid?

A

From the ammonia

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9
Q

How is ammonium nitrate made?

A

By reacting nitric acid with more ammonia

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10
Q

What salts does the potassium in NPK fertilisers come from?

A

Comes from the salts: potassium chloride or potassium sulfate

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11
Q

Can the potassium salts in NPK fertilisers (Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate) be used directly?

A

Yes, can be used directly without ant further processing

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12
Q

Can phosphate rock be used directly (Phosphorus in NPK fertilisers) ?

A

No, has to been chemically processed

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13
Q

What are the 3 ways phosphate rock is treated?

A

●Nitric acid
●Sulfuric acid
●Phosphoric acid

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14
Q

How is phosphate rock with nitric acid?

A

●Produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
●Phosphoric acid contains Phosphorus which we can’t add directly to plants so neutralise with ammonia
●Produces ammonia phosphate which can be used

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15
Q

Why can’t phosphoric acid be added directly to plants and what do we do to it?

A

As it contains phosphorus so we neutralise with ammonia

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16
Q

What do we get whe we treat phosphate rock with nitric acid?

A

Produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

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17
Q

What do we get at the end of treating phosphate rock with nitric acid?

A

Ammonia phosphate which we can be used in NPK fertilisers

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18
Q

How do we treat phosphate rock with sulfuric acid?

A

●Makes a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
●Mixture is called single superphosphate wich we can use

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19
Q

What mixture does treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid make?

A

A mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate

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20
Q

What is the mixture called which forms when we treat phosphate rock with sulfuric acid?

A

Single superphsphate which we can use in NPK fertilisers

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21
Q

What is made when we treat phosphate rock with phosphoric acid?

A

●Makes triple superphosphate
●Found in NPK fertilisers

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22
Q

Where are the 3 places all resources come from?

A

Earth’s crust, oceans or atmosphere

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23
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

Non renewable

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24
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

Renewable

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25
What is sustainable development?
Meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
26
What needs to be at low levels so water is safe for humans to drink?
Microorganisms and dissolved salts
27
What levels do microorganisms and dissolved salts in water need to be so it's safe to drink?
Need to be at low levels
28
What is potable water?
Water that is good quality and safe to drink
29
What is thr name given to water that is safe to drink and good quality?
Potable
30
What are the 4 steps to produce potable water?
1)Fresh water from suitable source (lake or river away from pollute) 2)Water is passed through a water bed to remove any solid particles 3)Chlorine gases added to kill harmful microorganisms 4)Fluorine added to reduce tooth decay
31
Why us fluoride added to potable water?
To reduce tooth decay
32
Why is chlorine added to potable water?
To kill harmful microorganisms
33
What other sources can be used to sterilise water?
Ozone or ultraviolet
34
What are 3 three sources used to kill bacteria in water?
Chlorine Oozing Ultraviolet
35
How do we improve the taste of tap water?
Water can be passed through a filter containing carbon,silver and jokes exchange resin to remove more dissolved substances
36
What are exchange resins used for?
Used for water softening and removal of contaminants
37
How can we produce pure water when fresh water supplies are limited?
Seawater can be desalinated
38
How can seawater be desalinated?
By reverse osmosis or distillation
39
What is does desalinated mean?
Salt water that has all the dissolved salts removed to make pure water
40
Why is the process of desalination expensive?
Distillation and reverse osmosis require alot of energy making it expensive
41
What are the 2 steps for desalination?
1- sea water boiled to produce steam 2 - steam condenses to produce pure water
42
What does water not have to make it pure water?
No dissolved substances
43
If water contains no dissolved substances what is it called?
Pure water
44
Why is potable water not the same as pure water?
Potable water contains small amounts of dissolved substances
45
Why does sea water need to be desalinated?
Seawater has very high levels of dissolved minerals
46
Sea water has very high levels of dissolved minerals so how is potable water produced?
By desalination
47
What type of countries use seawater to produce potable water?
Countries where water is scarce, very hot, low precipitation
48
What does waste water contain?
A large amount of organic molecules like urine, faeces and bacteria
49
What are the 4 steps to sewage treatment?
1-Screening and grit removal by passing through a mesh 2-Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and affluent 3-Sludge is removed by anaerobic bacteria digestion of sludge 4-Aerobic bacteria treats effluent
50
What happens when anaerobic bacteria digests sludge?
Volume of sludge is reduced significantly by converting a large proportion into biomass.
51
After anaerobic digestion of sludge what can the the left over sludge be used for?
As fertilisers in farming
52
What can biomass be used for?
Bacteria produces biomass which can be burned for electric
53
Liquid effluent contains large amounts of harmful organisms, how are they removed?
Air is bubbled through effluent allowing aerobic bacteria to multiply which digests thd harmful microorganisms
54
What happens to liquid effluent at the end?
Discharged into the sea or river
55
Why is chlorine added to drinking water?
To kill microorganisms
56
What is the difference between corrosion and rusting?
Corrosion happens to metals, rusting happens to iron when it corrodes
57
Which of these corrides: metals or non-metals?
Metals
58
Why do metals corrode?
When they react with oxygen and water
59
What metal rusts?
Iron and objects containing iron like steel
60
What does rusting mean?
When iron objects or objects containing iron corodde
61
How is corrosion prevented?
By painting, greasing or electroplating,galvanising or using sacrificial protection on a metal object to stop corrosion
62
What is sacrificial protection?
Method of protecting iron or steel objects from rusting by placing a more reactive metal like magnesium in contact with the object so magnesium reacts but the object doesn't (object doesn't rust)
63
How does galvanising prevent corrosion?
-object coated in layer of zinc -zinc stops oxygen+water from reaching metal
64
What happens if after galvanising the zinc coating gets scratched?
It doesn't matter because zinc provides sacrificial protection
65
How are aluminium objects protected from corrosion?
By a thin layer of aluminium oxide
66
Glass is non-crystslline, what does this mean?
Atoms are arranged in a random way
67
Name a few types of glass?
Soda-lime glass Borosilicate glass
68
How is soda-lime glass made?
By heating sand,sodium carbonate and limestone mixture
69
What is a use of soda-lime glass?
Windows
70
What glass are windows made from?
Soda-lime glass
71
How is borosilicate glass made?
By heating sand and boron trioxide to a high temperature
72
What is the use of borosolicate glass?
Used to make soda-lime glass
73
What is borosilicate glass also known as?
Pyrex
74
How are pottery and bricks made?
Made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace
75
What happens when wet clay is shaped and then heated in a furnace?
Pottery and bricks are made
76
What happens in a furnace when clay gets heated?
Water is removed and chemical reactions make the object retain shape and become harder and stronger
77
What do composite materials consist of?
Consist of two materials with different properties
78
How are composite materials made?
Materials are combined to produce a material with improved properties
79
What are the uses of composite materials?
Concrete and fibreglass
80
What is life cycle assessment (LCA)?
Used to asses the environmental impact a product has over its lifetime
81
What are the 6 points scientists measure when carrying out a LCA?
•Extracting of raw material •Processing of raw material •Manufacturing of product •How product is used •How product is transported •How it's disposed of
82
How do we need to use glass, metals and plastics?
Use them wisely and need to reuse and recycle them
83
Why do we need to use metals, glass+plastics wisely and reuse+recycle them?
☆Save energy and cost ☆Make sure natural resources aren't used when not necessary ☆Reduce amount of waste ☆Reduce impact of environment
84
What are many metals,glass, building materials and plastics made from?
Crude oil
85
What are the impacts of crude oil?
It's a finite resource and extracting of it has negative impacts on the environment
86
How can glass be reused?
Waste glass can be crushed or melted or reused
87
How can plastic be recycled?
Recycled to make a fleece material
88
How can metals be recycled?
By melting metal down and making into new objects
89
What are some problems with life cycle assessments?
•Can't be certain how damaging things are to environment •We have to make judgements which aren't always accurate •Biased to support advertisement claims
90
Why does aluminium seem less reactive than its position in the reactivity series?
Because it has a layer of aluminium oxide
91
What is the haber process used for?
Used to make ammonia that can be used in NPK fertilisers
92
What are the raw materials needed for the haber process?
●purified nitrogen ●hydrogen
93
Where is purified nitrogen from which is used in the haber process?
Fractional distillation of liquid air
94
Where is hydrogen from which is used in the haber process?
From natural gas or steam
95
What catalyst is used in the haber process?
Iron
96
What are the conditions needed for the haber process?
Temperature of 450.c and high pressure of 200 atmospheres
97
Is the haber process a reversible reaction?
Yes, some of thd ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
98
What is the chemical equation for the haber process?
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (=) Needs to be the reversible sign
99
What happens when the haber process mixture is cooled?
Ammonia liquefies and can be removed
100
What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen in thd haber process?
Recycled

Chemistry_ Paper_2 (5 decks)

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