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GCSE Chemistry Paper 2 > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon-based compounds. E.g. clay and glass

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2
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

-clay is dug up out of the ground
-it can be moulded when wet to make things like pottery or bricks
-it’s fired a high temperatures, causing it to harden

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3
Q

How are the different types of glass made?

A
  • most is made from soda-lime glass which is made by heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate until it melts and then cooling it
  • Borosilicate glass has a higher melting point so it’s made in the same way but using a mixture of sand and boron trioxide
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4
Q

What are composites?

A

Substances made out of one material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of one material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder. It’s properties depend on the properties of the materials it’s made from.

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5
Q

What is the composition of fibreglass? What are its properties? What are its uses?

A

-fibres of glass embedded in a matrix of polymer (plastic)
-has a low density but is very strong.
-used for things like skis, boats and surfboards

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6
Q

What is the composition of carbon fibre? What are its properties? What are its uses?

A

-reinforcement made of polymers like long chains of carbon atoms (carbon fibres) or carbon nano tubes
-very strong and light
-used in aerospace and sports cars

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7
Q

What is the composition of concrete? What are its properties? What are its uses?

A

-made form aggregate (a mixture of sand and gravel) embedded in cement
-very strong
-used for building materials e.g. in skate parks

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8
Q

What is the composition of wood?

A

-natural composite
-made of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix

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9
Q

How does the catalyst used and the conditions of the reaction that make polymers affect its properties?

A

-Low density poly(ethene) are made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure. It’s flexible and used for bags and bottles.
-High density poly(ethene) is made from ethene at a lower temperature and pressure. More rigid and used for water tanks and drainpipes.

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10
Q

How does the type of bonds between monomers in polymer chains affect its properties?

A

-Thermosoftening polymers contain individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces connecting them. They can be melted and remoulded.
-Thermosetting polymers contain monomers that can form cross-links between polymers, forming a solid structure. Don’t melt when heated. Rigid, strong, hard.

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11
Q

What are the general properties of ceramics?

A

-Insulators of heat and electricity
-brittle and stiff

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12
Q

What are the general properties of polymers? What are some of their uses?

A

-insulators of heat and electricity
-can be flexible and are easily moulded
used in clothing and as insulators in electrical items

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13
Q

What are the general properties of metals? What are some of their uses?

A

-Malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, shiny, stiff
-used in electrical wires, car body-work and cutlery

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14
Q

What are some of the alloys that we use in every day life? What are their uses?

A
  • Bronze (Copper+Tin) - medals, decorative ornaments and statues
  • Brass (Copper+Zinc) - where friction is lower required e.g. water taps, door fittings
  • Gold alloys (e.g. zinc, copper, silver) - jewellery
  • Aluminium alloys - aircraft manufacture
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15
Q

What is corrosion? When does it happen?

A

When metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed. It happens on the surface of a material when they’re exposed to air.

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16
Q

What is the word equation for the corrosion of iron?

A

Iron + Oxygen + Water –> hydrated iron(III) oxide.
Hydrated iron(III) oxide is what we call rust.

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17
Q

Why does all the iron in an object eventually corrode away?

A

Rust is soft and crumbly and eventually flakes off, leaving more iron on the surface available to rust.

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18
Q

Why aren’t things made out of aluminium completely destroyed by corrosion?

A

Because the aluminium oxide that forms when aluminium corrodes doesn’t flake away. Instead, it forms a protective layer that sticks firmly to the aluminium, stopping further reaction.

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19
Q

How can you experiment to prove that both oxygen and water are needed for iron to rust?

A
  • put and iron nail in a boiling tube with just boiled water and it won’t rust. (Water boiled to remove oxygen)
  • put an iron nail in a boiling tube with just air and it won’t rust. (Add calcium chloride to absorb any water from the air)
  • put an iron nail in a boiling tube with both and it will rust.
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20
Q

How can iron be coated to prevent rusting?

A
  • Coating with plastic
  • Electroplating - uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode, coating the iron with a different metal
  • Oiling/Greasing - has to be used when moving parts are involved e.g. on a bike chain
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21
Q

What is the sacrificial method of preventing iron from rusting?

A

Placing a more reactive metal (like magnesium) with the iron so the water and oxygen react with that instead

22
Q

What is an example of natural products being replaced or improved upon by man made processes?

A

Rubber is extracted from tree sap but man-made polymers now replace it in things like tyres.

23
Q

What does agriculture do? What is an example of this?

A
  • provides conditions where natural resources can be enhanced according to our needs
  • E.g. the development of fertilisers allowing for a higher yield of crops
24
Q

What are some examples of finite (non-renewable) resources?

A

Fossil fuels, Nuclear fuels (like uranium and plutonium), minerals and metals found in ores

25
Q

What are the factors that must be considered when evaluating the effects of extracting finite resources? Give an example.

A
  • social, economic and environmental factors
  • E.g. mining metal ores produces useful products, provides people with jobs and brings money into the area but its bad for the environment because it uses loads of energy, scars land, produces waste and destroys habitats
26
Q

What are some of the ways that the use of finite uses can be reduced?

A
  • people should use less
  • chemists can develop processes that uses lower amounts of them and reduces damage to the environment like catalysts
27
Q

What are some of the new ways that scientists are using to extract copper from low-grade ores?

A
  • Bioleaching - bacteria used to convert copper compounds, separating it from the ore. The leachate (solution produced) contain copper ions which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement.
  • Phytomining - growing plants in soil containing copper which builds it up in their leaves. Harvest and dry the plants then burn them in a furnace creating ash that contains soluble copper compounds which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
28
Q

Why is it better to recycle metals than to mine and extract new metal?

A
  • uses less energy
  • conserves the amount of the metal in the earth
  • cuts down on the amount of waste sent to landfills
29
Q

How are metals recycled?

A
  • By melting them and then casting them into the shape of the new product
  • the amount of separation required depends on what’s being made
30
Q

Describe the process of recycling glass.

A
  • glass separated by colour and chemical composition
  • glass crushed
  • melted and reshaped
  • used for bottles and jars or insulating glass wool for insulation in homes
31
Q

What is a life cycle assessment (LCA)?

A

Assessing every stage of a product’s life to see what impact it would have on the environment.

32
Q

What is the 1st stage of a product’s life cycle?

A
  • Extracting raw materials, can local damage environment
  • process raw materials to extract needed materials, needs lots of energy
33
Q

What is the 2nd stage of a product’s life cycle?

A
  • manufacturing products and packaging uses energy and causes pollution
  • waste products from the chemical reactions used to make compounds have to be disposed of
33
Q

What is the 3rd stage of a product’s life cycle?

A
  • use of a product which can damage the environment e.g. burning fuels releases greenhouse gases.
  • how long a product is used for or the number of uses is also a factor
33
Q

What is the 4th stage of a product’s life cycle?

A
  • product disposed of, often in a landfill. Pollutes land and water
  • energy used to transport waste to a landfill
  • products might be incinerated
33
Q

What’s the difference in the LCAs of a plastic bag and a paper bag?

A
  • plastic bags made from crude oil. Compounds extracted by fractional distillation, cracking and polymerisation. Can be reused. Recyclable but not biodegradable, takes up landfill space.
  • paper bags made from timber. processed using a lot of energy, making a lot of waste. Usually only used once. Recyclable, biodegradable, non-toxic.
34
Q

What are the problems with life cycle assessments?

A
  • its hard to give a numerical value to the effect of some of the pollutants
  • they can be biased
    selective LCAs only show some of the impacts of a product so can also be biased
35
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe for humans to drink. The levels of dissolved salts can’t be too high and the pH is between 6.5 and 8.5.

36
Q

What is fresh water? Where is it found?

A
  • Water that doesn’t have much dissolved in it.
  • found as surface water (lakes, rivers etc)or as ground water (rocks called aquifiers)
  • in hotter places most domestic water comes from ground water
37
Q

Describe the process of treating fresh water.

A
  • filter out large twigs and things using wire mesh
  • filter out any other solid bits with gravel and sand beds
  • sterilise the water to kill microbes by bubbling chlorine gas through it, using ozone or using ultraviolet light
38
Q

Describe how you use distillation to desalinate sea water in a lab.

A
  • use a pH metre to test the water’s pH
  • neutralise the pH using a titration but use metre instead of indicator
  • test water for sodium chloride using a flame test (turns yellow if sodium’s present). Mix a sample of water with nitric acid and silver nitrate which will for a white precipitate of chlorine’s present
  • pour water into distillation apparatus, heat flask until water boils, leaving salt in the flask and then condense the water vapour back down
  • retest the pH and the presence of sodium chloride in the water
39
Q

Other than distillation, what’s another method of treating sea water? How does it work?

A
  • reverse osmosis
    -water is passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through
  • ions and larger molecules are trapped by the membrane and separated from the water.
40
Q

What are the different ways that waste water can be produced?

A
  • domestically
  • agricultural systems like nutrient run off from fields and slurry from animal farms
  • Industrial processes like the haber process
  • industrial waste water
41
Q

Describe the process of treating waste water.

A
  • screening - grit and large bits of material removed
  • water stands in a settlement tank, the heavier suspended solids sink to the bottom, producing sludge
  • effluent treated by biological aerobic digestion (air pumped through it so aerobic bacteria break down organic matter)
  • sludge broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion (releases methane gas which can be used for energy and fertiliser)
  • if there are toxic substances it may need chemicals, UV radiations of membranes too
42
Q

What is the word equation for the haber process?

A

Nitrogen (N2) + Hydrogen (3H2) <–> Ammonia (2NH3) (+ heat)

43
Q

How does the haber process work?

A
  • hydrogen obtained from reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide
  • reactants passed over iron catalysts at 450 degrees and 200 atmospheres
  • some ammonia converts back to hydrogen and nitrogen until a dynamic equilibrium is reached
  • ammonia forms as a gas but condenses into a liquid and is removed
  • unused hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled
  • ammonia used to make ammonium-nitrate, a fertiliser
44
Q

How would increasing the temperature of the reaction affect the haber process.

A

The forward reaction is exothermic which means that increasing the temperature would move the equilibrium away from the ammonia, increasing the rate but decreasing the yield.

45
Q

How would increasing the pressure of the reaction affect the haber process.

A

Moves the position of the equilibrium towards the products since there are 4 molecules of gas on the left for every 2 on the right so increasing the pressure maximises the percentage yield and increases the rate of reaction.

46
Q

What do fertilisers do? What are NPK fertilisers?

A

They replace nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the soil because theses are the most important from plant growth and life processes. This helps the increase the crop yield. NPK fertilisers contain salts with these elements in the right percentages.

47
Q

What is the equation for the reaction that makes ammonium nitrate? Why is it a good fertiliser?

A

Ammonia (NH3) + Nitric Acid (HNO3) –> Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)

48
Q

Phosphate rock is mined just like potassium chloride and potassium sulphate. Why can’t plants use it for nutrients?

A

Because the phosphate salts in the rock are insoluble so the plants can’t absorb them.

49
Q

How can soluble phosphates be made from phosphate rock? Give examples.

A

By reacting it with different types of acids.
- nitric acid - produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
- sulfuric acid - produces calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate (single superphosphate)
- phosphoric acid - calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)

GCSE Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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