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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is most of the glass we use called

A

Soda - lime glass

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2
Q

How is soda-lime glass made

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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3
Q

What is borosilicate

A

A glass made of sand and boron trioxide

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4
Q

Why may borosilicate be used instead of soda lime glass

A

It has a higher melting point

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5
Q

How are clay ceramics made

A

Shaping wet clay and then heating

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6
Q

What does the properties of polymers depend on

A

The monomer units
Size of the chains
Molecular structure and density

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7
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Polymers that contain strong covalent bonds between layers

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8
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A

Polymers that are easy to separate

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9
Q

What are the properties of thermosetting polymers

A

Hard plastics
High melting point

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10
Q

What are are the properties of thermosoftening polymers

A

Soft plastics
Low melting point

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11
Q

Explain how potable water is produced from fresh water

A

Choose an appropriate source of water
Pass through filter beds
Sterilise to destroy harmful microbes

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12
Q

What do humans use resources for

A

Warmth,shelter, food and transport

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13
Q

What are finite resources used for

A

Their materials and energy 

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14
Q

What is essential for life

A

Water of appropriate quality

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15
Q

What should drinking water contain for human consumption

A

Sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

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16
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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17
Q

What does the methods used to produce potable water depend upon

A

The availability of water and local conditions

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18
Q

What does the rain in the UK provide

A

Water with a low levels of dissolving substances that connect in the ground, lakes and rivers

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19
Q

How is potable water produced

A

Choosing an appropriate source of water
Passing the water through filter beds
Sterilising

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20
Q

What sterilising agents can be used for potable water

A

Chlorine
ozone
ultraviolet light

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21
Q

What may be required of supplies of freshwater are limited

A

Desalination of salty water or seawater

22
Q

How can desalination be carried out

A

Through distillation or reverse osmosis 

23
Q

What’s the disadvantages of desalination

A

They require large amounts of energy

24
Q

What is wastewater produced by

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes

25
Q

What does waste water need before being released into the environment

A

Treating

26
Q

What does sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of

A

Organic matter and harmful microbes

27
Q

Industrial waste requires the removal of

A

Organic matter and harmful chemicals

28
Q

What does sewage treatment include

A
  • Screening and grit removal
    - sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
29
Q

What are the methods of extracting low-grade ores

A

Bioleaching and phytomining

30
Q

What do the new ways of extracting low-grade ores avoid

A

Traditional mining methods of digging and moving and disposing amounts of rock

31
Q

Describe phytomining

A
  • Plants absorb the metal compounds
  • plants are harvested and then burnt to produce ash that contains metal compounds
32
Q

Describe bioleaching

A

Bacteria produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds that can be processed to obtain the metal

33
Q

What do life-cycle assessments do

A

Assess the environmental impact of products

34
Q

What are the four stages of the life-cycle assessment

A
  • Extracting and processing raw materials
  • Manufacturing and packaging
  • Use an operation during its lifetime
    - Disposal at the end of its useful life including transport and distribution
35
Q

What’s the disadvantages of life-cycle assessments

A

Allocate numerical values to pollutant affects it’s not very straightforward and requires value judgements

36
Q

What is Corrosion 

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

37
Q

What is rusting

A

An example of corrosion which only applies to iron

38
Q

What is required for iron to rust

A

Air and water

39
Q

How can corrosion be prevented

A

Applying a coating that acts as a barrier such as grease paint or electroplating

40
Q

How was aluminium prevented from corrosion

A

Aluminium has an oxide coating

41
Q

What does coating a more reactive substance provide

A

Sacrificial protection

42
Q

What is an example of sacrificial protection

A

Galvanising zinc with iron

43
Q

What is Bronze an alloy of

A

Copper and tin

44
Q

What is brass and alloy of

A

Copper and zinc

45
Q

What is gold alloyed with in jewellery

A

Silver copper and zinc

46
Q

What is the proportion of gold measured in

A

Carats

47
Q

What is steel alloys of

A

Iron with specific amounts of carbon and other metals

48
Q

What are the properties of high carbon steel

A

Strong but brittle

49
Q

What are the properties of low carbon steel

A

Softer and more easily shaped

50
Q

What does stainless steel contain

A

Chromium and nickel which are resistant to corrosion

51
Q

What are the properties of aluminium alloys

A

Low density

Chemistry (14 decks)

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