Organic chemistry Flashcards
How is crude oil created
Remains of an ancient biomass consisting of plankton that was buried in mud
What is crude oil
A mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons
What are hydrocarbons
Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms
What’s the general formula of alkanes
Cn H2n+2
Why are alkanes saturated molecules
Because carbon atoms are fully bonded to Hydrogen atoms
What is viscosity
The thickness of A fluid
What is a high viscosity
When a fluid moves slowly
What happens to viscosity as the size of hydrocarbon molecules increase
The molecules get more viscous
What happens to the flammability of hydrocarbon molecules as they increase
The molecules get less flammable
As the size of hydrocarbon molecules increase what happens To the boiling point
The boiling point increases
What do hydrocarbon fuels do when combusted
Release energy
What happens in fractional distillation
Crude oil is separated into fractions
What’s the first stage of fractional distillation
The hydrocarbons evaporate and turn into a gas
What’s the second stage of fractional distillation
The crude oil vapour is now fed into the fractional distillation Column
What’s the third stage of fractional distillation
The hydrocarbon vapours rise up the columns
What’s the fourth stage of fractional distillation
The hydrocarbons condense when they reach the boiling point
What is used in catalytic cracking
High temperature and a catalyst
What is used in steam Cracking
High temperature and steam
What are alkenes
Hydrocarbons with a double one between two carbon atoms
What are Alkenes used for
To make polymers and as a starter material for other chemicals
How do you test for alkenes
When you shake an alkene with bromine water it should form a colourless solution
Why Are alkenes unsaturated
Because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
What’s the products of the combustion of alkenes
Carbon dioxide, water and carbon
What is the result of reacting alkenes with hydrogen
It produces an alkane
What’s the result of the reaction of water and alkenes
Alcohol
What is the conditions needed for hydration
The water must be steam
Temperature must be around 300°C
Pressure around 70 atm
Phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst
What is the result of an alkenes reacting with halogens
di - halogen - alkene
How do you produce a carboxylic acid
Reacting an oxidising agent and an alcohol
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids
COOH
In water what type of acid is a carboxylic acid
Weak acid
Why are carboxylic acids weak in water
They only partially ionise
What does the reaction of carboxylic acids with metal carbonates produce
Salt, water and carbon dioxide
How are esters produced
By reacting a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
What does an ester require as a catalyst
Sulphuric acid
What is a polymer
They are the joining together of thousands of small, identical molecules
What is a monomer
The identical molecules that make up polymers
What are the monomers in addition polymerisation
Alkenes
What is condensation polymerisation
When monomers react to form condensation polymers and produces small molecule such as water as well
What’s the structural formula of glycine
H2NCH2COOH
What is the polypeptide polymer
A polymer made from only one type of amino acids
What is a protein
The combination of Different amino acids
What is DNA
A polymer that encodes the genetic instructions are living organisms need to develop and to function
What are nucleotides
The two polymer chains made from monomers From DNA
What are examples of natural polymers
Protein starch cellulose
