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Anatolia
seljuqs took it over in 1071 and until 1243 which ultimately became a part of what modern day turkey is
Hijaz
country on the western side of saudi arabia, where Mecca is located and also known as the Muslim holy land
Najd
a region of saudi arabia
Persia
this became iran, which was ruled by the sassanian, parthinian and achaemenid
Constantinople
capital of the byzantine empire, became modern day istanbul
Maghreb
the western part of the arab world
Mashreq
the eastern part of the arab world, in west asia and eastern northern africa
shari’a
islamic law that came from the quran, hadith, qiyas, and the consensus of the community aka jima
hadith
the sayings and actions of the attributed to the prophet
caliph
the political religious state compromising the muslim community and lands under its control after Mohammeds dead in 632, successor to the prophet
Imam
a regular leader for the muslim community or mosque, he is known as a person with special abilities by the shari’a
Millet
defined as a religious community, where the ottomans allowed groups of millet to govern or power themselves
devshirme
a method for procuring slaves from among adolescent male christian children from the empire’s european provinces..removed from their families and taken to istanbul, the children were converted to islam, tested and screen, and then trained for service in the empire
zionism
jewish nationalism that supports their need for a homeland in Palestine
Biography of Mohammad
Place and date of birth, death, and migration to Medina
He was born in Mecca in 570 CE, migrated to Medina in 622 CE; where he united the tribes during the blood wars & gained followers where he acted as an arbiter. He also became the first islamic leader and created an Umma or islamic community, where he passed away in 661 CE
Empires in the sixth century pre-Islamic Middle East
Names with correct spelling, and in what ways were they different from Arabia
The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire(330-1453 CE) = orthodox christian
The Sassanian Empire(224-651 CE) = Zorastrian
Arabia was different from these cities in the way that these cities were more tribal and less centralized, where the empires had more central cities and posts, where the most centralized trading area in Arabia was Mecca.
The Islamic Expansion
What was the significance of the Islamic Expansion in shaping Islam in the long-term?
it spreads islam outside of the Arabian peninsula (made the muslim world larger) Territorial gains
change islam from being exclusively an arabian religion expanding outside of the arabian peninsula
conquest expose arab muslims to other cultures around the world and islam begins to adapts to other civilizations that it touches
in time (around 680) arabic becomes the language of govt in the umayyad empire
The main sects in Islam
The two main sects in Islam and the main differences between them in terms of belief.
Sunni - Sunni’s accept the sunnah and the historical succession of caliphs.
Shi’a - Shi’a’s believe that Ali and his descendants are the legitimate successors
Turks
The date of the appearance of Turks in the Middle East
The Turks arrived in the Middle East in the 11th century.(1071)
Empires at the height of their power in 16th century Middle East
Names with correct spelling
The safavids & The ottomans
Legacy of the Safavids
What were two of the most important and long-lasting legacies of the Safavids?
The safavid empire reached its height under shah abbas I (r.1588-1629)
During his rule, domestic reforms were introduced, trade with Europe grew as did political and diplomatic relations. The Safavids ruled from (1501-1722)
At the time of shah abbas’s death, isfahan had a population estimated at 400k.
The safavids are the first dynasty to introduce borders into their empire
Napoleon
When, why, and for how long did Napoleon invade and occupy Egypt?
Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798. The invasion lasted until 1801
There are different reasons why Napoleon decided to invade egypt; one reason is Egypt’s location.
According to the historian Albert Hourani, the occupation of Egypt by Napoleon was “an incident in the war with England”.
First time - > shock to the system
-> sets a precedent
Who was Muhammad Ali and in what ways did he pose a threat to the Ottomans?
Muhammed Ali (1805. - 1848)
May 1838- Muhammed Ali announced that he wanted to establish his own kingdom and would give the ottomans $15m.
Battle of nezhub - confrontation between ottomans and muhammed ali’s forces - ottomans defeated
Convention of london
July 1840 - that muhammed ali withdraw from syria in return for hereditary rule in egypt
Nov 1840 - the ottomans granted muhammed ali lifetime rule over egypt and sudan and established family hereditary rule over egypt. Muhammed Ali, in return, recognized the sultan as his suzerain and agreed to make a payment to the ottomans as a sign of his submission and loyalty to the ottoman state.
When did Greece become independent and in what ways did the Greek nationalist movement pose a threat to the Ottomans?
Greece became independent in 1831. Ways the Greek nationalist movement posed a threat to the Ottomans include the massacre of thousands of Janissaries.
The French in Algeria
The date of the French invasion of Algeria, the reasons behind it, and the shape of French
rule in Algeria.
The French invaded Algeria in 1839. The French invaded Algeria to gain more political influence in North Africa / proximity. Once the French invaded Algeria, they stayed there until 1962 for 132 years. Obviously, the shape of French rule changed in the course of these long years. The policy that impacted the shape of French rule in Algeria, most was when the French formally annexed algeria. In other words, their aim was to make Algeria into France so that as a famous saying of the time said, “The Mediterranean runs through France like the river Seine runs through Paris”.
The British in Egypt
The date of the British invasion of Egypt, the reasons behind it, and the shape that British rule took in Egypt. When did Britain grant nominal independence to Egypt, and when did they leave Egypt for good?
invaded egypt in 1882, in order for a bridge to asia and to gain more trading routes such as the suez canal, large trade routes, and more access to british india and its resources. Isma’il Pasha(grandson of Muhammed Ali) ruled: 1863-1876 -1876: egypt declares bankruptcy The Debt commision: -an international commission was established in May 1876, to supervise the payment by the egyptian government of the loans to europeans -in 1878, two controllers were appointed a part of the egyptian cabinet to supervise state revenue and expenditure -minister of france in charge of revenue - british -minister of public works in charge of expenditure - French -took over 50% of the egyptian revenue in order to pay the debt
What were the tanzimat; what was the reason for the tanzimat
what they were: Tanzimat - reorganization- literally translated as ‘reordering’ or ‘reorganization’ the tanzimat were a series of primarily administrative reforms that were carried out in the ottoman empire in the 19th century and which resulted in many substantial changes not only in the military but also in the civilian sectors of the empire.The Era of Tanzimat (reorganization): 1839-1876
reasons for tanzimat: -The Tanzimat period consisted of the most extensive set of reforms in 19th century Ottoman Empire
-In this period, the Ottoman Empire made every effort to keep the empire together. To do so, they introduced the new direction that they had in mind by means of the following pronouncements
1.The guarantees promising to our subjects perfect security for life, honor, and property
2. A regular system of assessing taxes
3.an equally regular system for the conscription of requisite troops and the duration of their service
what was their significance, and in what ways were the tanzimat different from previous reforms?
significance: to preserve a crumbling ottoman empire
how they were different: Change in mindset
-idea of equality between muslims and non-muslims(secular mindset)
-mobility in society(because of change in attitude towards education and people who made it to the top)
Which European powers got involved in nineteenth century Iran & why they go involved
Russia & Britain & France
-the reasons why they got involved; they wanted to fight over varies cities in Iran, also known as the great game. where russia took cities on the caspian sea(turkestan, azerbaijan, and tajikstan). they also fought over economic reasons such as trade routes to india, and economic opportunties to iran with resources such as silk, cotton and wheat. Russia wanted to weaken iran and britain wanted iran to resist russia’s influence. The British and the Russians. The British got involved because Iran was near India and the Russians got involved because they wanted access to the Persian Gulf.
the ways in which they interfered in the affairs of the country & the consequences of their interference
they were involved in influencing the affairs of the iranian govt. where nasar al-din played off both of the countries and gained economic advantage & their influence and power over the countries, created a revolt within Iran where all citizens boycotted tobacco so that european influence would lessen, therefore lessening nasar al-din’s power.
the two Russo-Persian wars and their consequences
the fourth and fifth russo-persian wars occured from 1804-1813 and 1826-1828. where they fought over territory in the caspian sea. the first war was fought over territory of georgia between russia and persia, where the first war was ended in 1813 with the treaty of golestan, where russia obtained dagestan, and northern azerbaijan. the second war was fought due to alexander I’s death and the decembrist revolt, which lead to the treaty of torkamanchay(feb 1828) where persia gave up yerevan and territory up to the aras river along with 20 million ruble indemnity.
the dates of the First World War, the reasons why the Ottomans entered the war, which sides they fought on & promises made during WW1 to the different parties
WW1 began on july 28th, 1914, the ottomans joined due to an alliance w germany, the entente powers signed agreements saying who gets what territory if they were to win the war from the ottomans in 1915
what agreements were made, why were they made, what proved controversial
the sykes picot agreement- secret treaty between england and france dividing up the spheres of influence in Iran if they won(1916),
the balfour declaration- british promoting and routing for israel to have their homeland in Palestine(1917)
Treaty of Sevres(1920)- gave mandates for countries to take land,
Treaty of Lausanne, -
The constantinople agreement in March 1915,
husayn-mcmahon correspondence(1915-1916) - series of letters between Hussesin ibn Ali (the emir of mecca) and Sir Henry McMahon who was the british high commissioner of Egypt
the armistice of mudros(1918)- marked the defeat of the ottoman empire
to split up land in the ottoman empire after it was dissolved to european powers, promoting palestine to be israeli homeland,
due to the fact that there was violence and genocide even after the treaties and agreements were signed into existence. and much of the land was taken from the arabs and given to european powers
what new nation states came into being in the middle east after ww1 & what nation states were drawn by outsiders
palestine, jordan, israel, iraq, syria and lebanon were created
where palestine, jordan, israel, iraq, syria, lebanon and turkey were drawn by outsiders, and britain got mandates for iraq, palestine, and transjordan where france got the mandates for syria and lebanon
what was a mandate
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the last war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the states which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of that trust should be embodied in the covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience, or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility
