Use of Drugs in Food-Producing Animals

Question 1

what are 3 uses for drugs in food animals?

Answer 1

1. prophylactic or metaphylactic prevention of morbidity/mortality
2. treat illness
3. increase production (dont do this)

Question 2

define prophylaxis vs metaphylaxis

Answer 2

prophylaxis is disease prevention in an individual and metaphylaxis is disease prevention in a herd

Question 3

what are 2 negative effects of drug use on the food chain?

Answer 3

indirectly administer drug and its metabolites to our clients and local environment

Question 4

what drug may NEVER be used in any food animals because it causes fatal aplastic anemia in human?

Answer 4

Chloramphenicol

Question 5

what drug may never be used in lactating dairy cows?

Answer 5

enrofloxacin

Question 6

why can’t enrofloxacin be used in lactating dairy cows?

Answer 6

kills bacteria used in dairy product manufacturing

Question 7

Define food animal

Answer 7

any animal from which a tissue or other product has the potential to enter the human food chain

Question 8

what are the major food animals?

Answer 8

cattle, turkey, poultry, swine

Question 9

what are the minor food animals?

Answer 9

everything that is not major that can enter food chain

Question 10

Define tolerance

Answer 10

concentration of a drug/metabolite (marker residue) measured in the target tissues BELOW which any and all food products from that animal are considered to have TOTAL drug and metabolite levels SAFE for consumption

Question 11

what is a target tissue?

Answer 11

edible tissues

Question 12

what are the typical target tissues?

Answer 12

liver or kidney

Question 13

what determines “Safe for consumption”?

Answer 13

animal studies that evaluate carcinogenic potential, toxicities, and antibiotic resistance potential to determine an acceptable daily intake of drug/metabolite assuming high amount of consumption

Question 14

Define food animal residue

Answer 14

drug or regulated metabolite identified as a target tissues at or above the tolerance

Question 15

what organization sets the tolerances?

Answer 15

FDA- FD&C and AMDUCA
EPA for pesticides

Question 16

what organization enforces the tolerances?

Answer 16

USDA< FSIS< NRP

Question 17

Define withdrawl time

Answer 17

time required for drug/metabolite to be below tolerance level in 99th percentile of population with 95% confidence

Question 18

What does CVM regulate for EVERY drug used in food animals?

Answer 18

species, indication for use, dose, route of entry, interval of administration

Question 19

which drug categories are of greatest concern?

Answer 19

those that are most commonly in violation because they represent the greatest risk of exposure

pesticides, fungicides, and insecticides
antibiotics

Question 20

Exam question on xylazine approved for used as indicated:

Answer 20

E

Question 21

What does GRAS stand for?

Answer 21

generally regarded as safe

Question 22

what is on the GRAS list?

Answer 22

additives that can be given to animals without regulation

Question 23

what drugs are prohibited from use in food producing animals?

Answer 23

DES, chloramphenicol, nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, clenbuterol, dipyrone, glycopeptides, gentian violet, phenylbutazone (adult dairy cattle), antiviral compound in poultry (adamantane and neuraminidase inhibitors), aminoglycosides

Question 24

what drugs are prohibited from extralabel use in food producing animals?

Answer 24

sulfonamides (adult dairy cattle), fluoroquinolones, medicated feeds, indexed drugs, cephalosporins

Question 25

what does the veterinary feed directive final rule intend to do?

Answer 25

limit antibiotic use for therapeutic instead of production purposes

Question 26

what does ELDU of an antibiotics in feed require?

Answer 26

VCPR before a veterinarian directs compounding

Question 27

does the veterinary feed directive final rule affect drug manufacturers?

Answer 27

recommends for them to voluntarily stop labeling drugs as promoting animal growth