Introduction and Prescriptions Flashcards
Define pharmacology
study of agents used to treat, diagnose, and prevent disease
what are the two major divisions of pharmacology
pharmacodynamics
pharmokinetics
define pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
biochemical and physiological mechanism
define pharmokinetics
what the body does to the drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
what are two groups drugs can be put into?
Give examples for each group
affecting the patient - ANS, cardiac, coagulation, renal, endocrine etc.
affecting parasites - antibiotics, anti-fungals, anti-worm agents, etc.
what is another way of classifying drugs in regard to the drug itself? (3 groups)
OTC drugs
Prescription/Legend drugs
Vaccines and Biologics
what is the central philosophy of drug regulation for animals use
- Protect the public from inadvertent consumption of harmful amounts of drugs given to livestock
- Allow livestock producers to protect the animal’s health with minimal oversight
what are the defined parameters of a labeled use drug?
dose, frequency, duration, route of administration, species, treat specific disease
when can a drug be sold without a prescription?
when the parameters of a labeled drug can be understood by a lay person
what kind of drugs are OTC
labeled use
when is a prescription required?
- labeled use not understood by lay person
- professional needed to diagnose disease and monitor response to drug or adverse effects
what is ELDU
extra label drug use - use of drug in someway other than the label
what is a drug that is used without a label called
extra label drug use
what does labeled use apply to
OTC and prescription drugs
what made ELDU illegal in 1958?
FD&CA
what made ELDU legal in 1994?
animal medicinal drug use clarification act (AMDUCA)
what are the conditions of AMDUCA?
- must adhere to label use unless judged to be ineffective
- ELDU only allowed for FDA approved drugs
- human drug cant be used if animal drug can be used
- requires veterinary supervision and VPCR
- cant be administered in food but can be in water
what is the color of the FDA human and animal drug book?
human - orange
animal - green
what are the AMDUCA conditions for food animals?
- only for therapeutic use, not production
- can’t result in any tissue residue thats a risk to public health
- absence of scientific data on human food safety the animal must be kept out of food supply
what is an OTC drug that is used in a way it is not labeled?
ELDU - consider prescribing
who legalized compounding?
AMDUCA
what is compounding a form of?
ELDU
who determines what drugs can be compounded?
FDA
what are the production restrictions on compounded drugs?
1.must be by licensed veterinarian or pharmacist
2. can not be from bulk drugs
what act regulates the controlled sustances?
Comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act (CDAPCA)
what are the classes of controlled substances? which are most addictive?
Class I-V
I most addictive, V least addictive
which class of controlled substances has no medical use?
Class I
how long do records for controlled substances need to be kept?
minimum of 2 years
which drug class must have their records kept separate from the rest?
class II
which drug needs a special order form?
class II
what needs to be kept secured in terms of drug storage?
controlled substances, prescription pads
where do you report theft or loss of controlled substances or prescription pads?
DEA and state pharmacy board
who regulates vaccines and biologics?
USDA->APHIS->CVB
who regulates drugs, feeds, and medical devices?
USDHHS->FDA>CVM (FDCA and AMDUCA)
who regulates controlled substances?
USDOJ -> DEA
who regulates pesticides?
EPA
define prescription
order for medication, device, or feed by veterinarian
what are the methods of issuing a prescription?
preprinted forms
electronically submitted to pharmacy
phoned to a pharmacy
T or F - prescriptions must be kept as part of the patient’s record
T
what is the required information for prescription?
facility name, address, phone #
name and credentials
client name and pet
date
drug name and strength
quantity, refill instructions
directions for use
DEA - if controlled substance
signature
what are the restrictions on schedule II drugs
no refills
must be written prescription
what are the restrictions on schedule III-V drugs?
5 refill maximum
prescription only good for 6 months
what are way to prevent errors by the pharmacist
- use software, write legibly
- be specific about drugs name, use generic names
- include - diagnosis, indication, and supplemental instruction
what units should be used to prevent errors?
metric units
which is best to prevent errors 0.1 or .1? 5 or 5.0?
0.1 and 5
which is correct to prevent errors - units or U? mcg or ug?
units and mcg
what are ways to prevent errors by the client?
- write directions for use in plain english
- specify how often and how many
- do not use abbreviations
If an owner requests a prescription do you have to provide it?
yes
Is RX only a legend that can be used for animals?
only human legend
what are examples of valid legends in vet med?
“for animal use only”, “for veterinary use only”, “caution: federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian”
what additional information is required on the prescription if it is filled in clinic?
manufacturer, form (pill/capsule/liquid/powder), important warning
