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FOPC > Use of Data > Flashcards

Use of Data Flashcards

1
Q

About how many people consult GPS about their complaints?

A

About 20%

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2
Q

About what percentage of the population are referred on to hospital investigation or care?

A

3%

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3
Q

Does severity of illness accurately parallel severity of disease?

A

No

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4
Q

What defines disease?

A

Symptoms, signs, diagnosis. Biomedical perspective.

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5
Q

What defines illness?

A

Ideas, concerns, expectations - experience.

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6
Q

Give an example of disease with no illness?

A

Hypertension

But basically anything asymptomatic!

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7
Q

What is the lay referral system?

A

This consultation with friends and family about the meaning of symptoms.

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8
Q

What are factors affecting the uptake of care?

A
  • Concept of Lay Referral
  • Sources of Info - Peers, family, Internet etc
  • Medical factors -New symptoms, visible symptoms, increasing severity
  • Non medical factors - crisis, peer pressure, expectations, class etc
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9
Q

What happens to contact rates in males and females with GPs with age?

A

Contact rates increase

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10
Q

What are the three main aims of epidemiology?

A
  • Description
  • Explanation (Identify aetiology)
  • Disease control
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11
Q

Why does epidemiology compare population groups?

A
  • Aetiological clues
  • Scope for prevention
  • Identification of high risk groups
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12
Q

What does a rate refer to in terms of epidemiology of a condition?

A

Events/Population at risk

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13
Q

What does relative risk measure?

A

Strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease under study

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14
Q

How is relative risk calculated?

A

Incidence of disease in exposed group/incidence of disease in unexposed group

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15
Q

List some sources of epidemiological data?

A 
Mortality data
Hospital activity statistics
Reproductive health statistics
Cancer statistics
Accident statistics
General practice morbidity
Health and household surveys
Social security statistics
Drug misuse databases
Expenditure data from NHS
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16
Q

What is health literacy?

A

-Having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care and to navigate health and social care systems.

17
Q

What is the purpose of SIGN guidelines?

A

Help professionals and patients understand medical evidence - make decisions

Reduce unwarranted variations in practice

Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes

18
Q

What is a descriptive study?

A

Attempts to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population.

19
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

An analytic study where observations are made at a single point in time

(Disease frequency, survey, prevalence study)

20
Q

What is a case control study?

A

An analytical study in which two groups of people are compared.

(People who have the illness (cases) and those who dont (controls))

21
Q

What can be used as a guide as to whether a result may be a chance finding?

A

P values

22
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

An analytical study in which baseline data on exposure are collected from a group of people who DO NOT have the disease.

Followed through time until sufficient number have developed the disease.

23
Q

What is a trial?

A

An experiment used to test ideas about aetiologies/evaluate interventions?

24
Q

What is the definitive method of assessing any new treatment in medicine?

A

Randomised control trials

25
Q

What is standardisation?

A

A set of techniques used to remove (or adjust) the effects of difference in confounding variables.

26
Q

What is a standardised mortality ratio?

A

The number of deaths expressed as a ratio to the number of expected deaths.

27
Q

What are some factors to consider in interpreting results?

A 
Standarisation
Standarised Mortality Ratio (SMR)
Quality of Data
Case Definition
Coding/ Classification
Ascertainment (complete data?)
28
Q

What defines bias?

A

Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions systemically different from the truth

29
Q

List some types of bias

A

Selection bias
Information bias
Follow up bias
Systematic Error

30
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Certain groups being deliberately allocated to one branch of a trial

31
Q

What is information bias?

A

Arises from errors in measuring exposure or disease - the researcher influencing the study based on knowledge.

(Ie when the study isn’t double-blinded)

32
Q

What is follow up bias?

A

When one group of subjects is followed up more assiduously than another.

33
Q

What is systematic error?

A

Where there is a tendency for measurements to always fall on one side of the true value.

May be due to the instrument or person.

34
Q

What is a confounding factor?

A

One that is independently linked to both the risk factor and disease being investigated - and so distorts the relationship.

35
Q

List some criteria for causality

A 
Strength of association
Consistency
Specificity
Temporality
Biological gradient
Biological plausibility
Coherence
Analogy
Experiment
36
Q

What is the only absolute criterion for causality?

A

Temporality

FOPC (9 decks)

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