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FOPC 2 > Use of data (2) > Flashcards

Use of data (2) Flashcards

1
Q

give 3 medical factors affecting the uptake of care

A

new symptoms, visible symptoms, increasing severity

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2
Q

give 6 non medical factors affecting the uptake of care

A

crisis, peer pressure, patient beliefs, social class, age, gender, media

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3
Q

what are the 3 main aims of epidemiology

A

description, explanation and disease control

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4
Q

define description, explanation and disease control

A

Description - to describe the amount and distribution of disease in human populations.
Explanation - to elucidate the natural history and identify aetiological factors for disease usually by combining epidemiological data with data from other disciplines eg biochemistry.
Disease control - to provide the basis on which preventive measures, public health practices and therapeutic strategies can be developed, implemented, monitored and evaluated for the purposes of disease control

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5
Q

what does epidemiology compare?

A

compares groups in order to:

  • Identify aetiological causes
  • Prvention
  • Identify high risk groups
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6
Q

what is the relative risk

A

Measure of the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease under study. incidence of disease in exposed group divided by incidence of disease in unexposed group

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7
Q

give some examples of sources of epidemiological data

A

mortality data, hospital activity stats, cancer stats, accident stats, drug misuse databases, health and household data

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8
Q

define health literacy

A

people having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care, and to navigate health and social care systems

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9
Q

what is the CHADS2 score?

A

estimates the risk of stroke in patients with AF

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10
Q

what are NOACs?

A

newer drugs not requiring regular blood test monitoring - expensive and not easily reversed

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11
Q

what score is used to measure major bleeding risk?

A

HAS-BLED

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12
Q

what are descriptive studies?

A

they attempt to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population

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13
Q

what framework do descriptive studies follow?

A

time, place, person

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14
Q

when are descriptive studies useful?

A

Assessing the effectiveness of screening programmes, generating hypotheses about disease aetiology

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15
Q

what is a cross sectional study and give some examples

A

It is a type of analytical study

In cross sectional studies observations are made at a single point in time. disease frequency, survey, prevalence study

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16
Q

what is a case control study

A

It is a type of analytical study
Two groups of people are compared - a group of individuals who have the disease of interest, and a group of individuals who do not

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17
Q

what is a cohort study

A

Baseline data on exposure are collected from a group of people who do not have the disease - the group is then followed through time until a sufficient number have developed the disease

18
Q

what is the definitive method of assessing any new treatment in medicine?

A

randomised controlled trial

19
Q

what factors should be considered when interpreting results?

A

standardisation, standardised mortality ratio, quality of data, case definition, coding and classification

20
Q

what is standardisation

A

a set of techniques used to remove the effects of differences in age or other confounding variables, when comparing two or more populations

21
Q

what is the purpose of case definition?

A

to decide whether an individual has the condition of interest or not

22
Q

what is bias?

A

any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth

23
Q

give 4 types of bias

A

selection bias, information bias, follow up bias, systematic error

24
Q

what is selection bias

A

occurs when the study sample is not truly representative of the whole study population about which conclusions are to be drawn

25
Q

what is information bias

A

arises from systematic errors in measuring exposure or disease

26
Q

what is follow up bias

A

arises when one group of subjects is followed up more assiduously than another to measure disease incidence or other relevant outcome

27
Q

what is systematic error

A

a form of measurement bias where there is a tendency for measurements to always fall on one side of the true value - may be because an instrument is calibrated wrongly

28
Q

define a confounding factor

A

One which is associated independently with both the disease and with the exposure under investigation, and so distorts the relationship between the exposure and disease

29
Q

What is the definition of disease and illness

A

Disease: symptoms, signs, diagnosis
Illness: ICE

30
Q

When do discrepancies arise

A

Discrepancies with disease and illness

31
Q

What kind of AUDITS do you have??

A

Define your own or pre-existing

32
Q

What is causality

A

Causation between exposure and disease

33
Q

How do you avoid difficulties when providing causality?

A

By using criteria:

  • Temporality
  • Strength of association
  • Consistency
  • Specificity
  • Biological gradient
  • Biological plausability
  • Coherence
  • Analogy
  • Experiment
34
Q

What is temporality

A

Exposure before disease

35
Q

What is consistency

A

Repeated observation in differing populations

36
Q

Specificity

A

single exposure leads to single disease

37
Q

Biological gradient

A

dose to response relationship

38
Q

Biological plausibility

A

Association agrees with biology of disease

39
Q

Coherence

A

Association does not conflict with biology of disease

40
Q

Analogy

A

Another relationship exist which can be used as a model

41
Q

Experiment

A

Suitably controlled experiment to prove association

FOPC 2 (3 decks)

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