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USA in the 1920s COMP Flashcards

1
Q

How many people immigrated to America by 1900?

A

9 million people immigrated to America by the 1900s

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2
Q

Where did the original settlers in the 1600s come from?

A

The original settlers of America came from Northern and Western Europe.

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3
Q

Why did people immigrate to America?

A

Escape poverty, persecution, religious freedom, equality, opportunities.

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4
Q

What did having an ‘open door policy’ mean?

A

It meant that anyone and everyone was allowed into America from anywhere in the world.

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5
Q

What was the ‘melting pot’?

A

It means that people from different backgrounds all lived together and followed the same American culture.

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6
Q

What was the ‘melting pot’ made up of?

A

White Americans, black Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics and Asians.

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7
Q

What was the Literacy test?

A

Everyone had to pass a reading and writing test, otherwise, they were refused entry into America.

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8
Q

Why was the Literacy test a problem for many immigrants?

A

Many poorer immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe, had never received an education.

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9
Q

What year did they start doing literacy tests for immigrants

A

1917

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10
Q

What was the Emergency Quota act?

A

Only 357,000 immigrants were allowed in each year.
In addition, only 3% of the amount of people from this country in America in that year would be let in. For example, if there were 10,000 Russians in America, only 300 more could come.

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11
Q

What year was the Emergency Quota act?

A

1921

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12
Q

What was the National origins act?

A

Only 150,000 immigrants were to be let in each year and the quota was reduced to 2%. Immigrants from Asia were banned.

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13
Q

What year was the National Origins Act?

A

1924

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14
Q

Who organised the Palmer Raids?`

A

A Mitchell Palmer - Attorney General for the President - Woodrow Wilson.

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15
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A

The fear of communism.

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16
Q

Why did Palmer want to arrest communists?

A

A bomb was put outside his house and communists were blamed - he thought they were going to overthrow the government.

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17
Q

How many people were arrested in the Palmer raids?

A

6,000

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18
Q

What had happened in the Palmer raids by 1919?

A

10,000 people had been arrested and 248 deported.

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19
Q

Who are Sacco and Vanzetti?

A

Two Italian immigrants - they both support Galleani, an Italian anarchist, and Vanzetti had been convicted of an armed robbery in 1919

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20
Q

What were Sacco and Vanzetti accused of?

A

April 5th 1920 - two people died after a shootout and $15,776 was taken. 61 people connected Sacco and Vanzetti to the crime,

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21
Q

When were Sacco and Vanzetti arrested?

A

May 5th 1920 - They were both carrying guns as they were arrested and Sacco’s pistol was connected with the crime.

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22
Q

What happened at Sacco and Vanzetti’s trial?

A

It began in May 1921 and lasted 45 days. On the 14th July, they were found guilty and all other attempts failed, their last appeal being in 1927.

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23
Q

When were Sacco and Vanzetti executed?

A

24th August 1927 - electric chairs.

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24
Q

How was the system of reservations different to how the Native Americans lived before?

A
  • Bad quality land
  • Starvation
  • They couldn’t leave
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25
How did the 1924 Indian Citizenship act change Native Americans' lives?
Before civil war - you could vote if you were only half Native American 1888 - Native women could vote if they were married to citizens 1919 - Native veterans could vote 1924 - All Native Americans could vote
26
How did assimilation change Native Americans' lives?
Many became farmers - They had to embrace the Christian religion and culture - no polygamy
27
Why was education important in changing Native American life?
Children were sent to boarding schools where they learnt about Christianity and the bible, maths and English.
28
What did the 1928 Meriam report say?
Boarding schools were too strict and underfunded. | They were then taught a mixture of the two cultures.
29
What was the 1920s eugenics project?
Native American women were sterilised in the hope that the Native Americans were die off.
30
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Laws made by the South to limit black freedom
31
What was the Great migration?
Black Americans moved from the South of America to the North.
32
How many black people moved from the South to the North?
Between 1916 and 1920 - 1 million Black Americans lest the South.
33
Who was Paul Robeson?
He was a black man who lived in America at a time of great racial segregation but he was a trained lawyer so had a good education, and he became a famous actor.
34
Who was Countee Cullen?
He was a black man who lived in America at a time of great racial segregation but still managed to go a good school and get a good education.
35
Who was William Dubois?
He was a black man who lived in America at a time of great racial segregation. He set up the NAACP, which had 90,000 members by 1919, and MLK was a member.
36
Who was Marcus Garvey?
He was a black man who lived in America at a time of great racial segregation. He formed the UNIA in 1914 and influenced over 250,000 people.
37
Why did so many people join the KKK?
- The Birth of a Nation - Politicians afraid of losing votes - peaked in 1924 with 5 million members - promoted WASPs - attacked black people, Jews, Communists, Catholics - Stephenson tried to use his klan influence to avoid conviction for rape and murder.
38
What did the KKK do to their victims?
Boycott businesses, Burning crosses outside houses, whipped people, used bombs, forced people to sell land.
39
What are religious fundamentalists?
People who are very strict about their religion and choose to interpret their holy texts very literally.
40
What was the Bible belt?
Some of the Southern States where many religious fundamentalists lived.
41
What did the bible belt not allow?
Dancing, provocative clothes, jazz, cinemas, gambling, alcohol or swimsuits.
42
What was the Butler act?
In 1924, six states passed this law that banned schools from teaching the theory of evolution.
43
What was 'the monkey trial'?
John Scopes went against ' the Butler act and taught the theory of evolution in Tennessee in July 1925.
44
What was John Scopes' punishment?
He was fined $100, which was then overruled a year later.
45
What was prohibition?
When America made alcohol illegal. 1919 - 1933
46
Why was prohibition introduced?
- The Anti-Saloon League - The women's Christian Temperance Union - Alcohol was 'Anti-Christian' - Alcohol increased crime and violence
47
Why was prohibition not effective?
Bootleggers - illegally made and sold alcohol Rum runners - smuggle alcohol speakeasies - illegal bars to get alcohol.
48
When was prohibition?
1919 - 1933
49
What does LACK PANTS stand for?
``` Laissez - faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of America in the war Advertisement New consumer goods Tariff Share confidence ```
50
What is Laissez - Faire?
Means 'leave alone'. This meant that the government didn't interfere in businesses. Policy used by coolidge, hoover and harding.
51
What is the assembly line?
A way of mass production. In 1926 six cars were made per minute.
52
What is credit?
Allows people to buy a product, even if they don't have enough money. 6 out of 10 cars were bought on credit.
53
What is knowledge in LACK PANTS?
Represents inventors and new technologies which helped to boost the economy.
54
What is the position of America in the war?
They stayed out of the war until 1917 which meant that they could supply Europe with goods.
55
What is advertisement?
Companies spent huge amounts of money because it told people to buy their products.
56
What is new consumer goods?
Everyone wanted the new products such as cars and radios. There was a 167% increase in fridges. In 1919 60,000 radios were sold.
57
What are tariffs?
Tariffs are taxes that America put on foreign products so they could protect American industries.
58
What is share confidence?
Americans were very confident in the economy and bought lots of shares from the stock market.
59
Who were the three republican presidents of the 1920s?
Warren Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover
60
What is protectionism?
This was when the government used tariffs to protect their economy, such as the mccumber tariff or the smoot - h
61
When was st valentines day massacre?
14th February 1929
62
Who was killed in the st valentines day massacre?
7 of Bugs Morans gang were killed by 4 of Al Capones men.
63
Was anyone charged after the st valentine day massacre?
Jack McGurn was charged with the mann act.
64
What was the Ohio gang?
When Warren G Harding became president, he put his friends in the cabinet and they were known as the Ohio gang.
65
What was the teapot dome scandal?
Albert fall illegally leased out oil fields to oil companies.
66
How much money did Albert Fall make?
$409,000
67
What is individualism?
A republican policy that meant that people would make their own wealth through hard work.
68
Why did America become a consumer society?
``` > female employment increased > they introduced credit > 2/3 of houses had electricity > entertainment became more popular > wages increased. ```
69
Info about refridgerators
8% of households had a fridge
70
Info about washing machines
24% of households had one | The first was called the aladdin
71
Info about hoovers
During the 20s, 30% of households bought a hoover
72
What other industries experienced an economic boom?
More cars and buses meant more roads, between 1920 and 1930, the amount of roads tripled. First commercial airlines, there were 162,000 flights in 1929 More buildings meant that the construction industry was doing well
73
How did ford use advertising?
He used it to sell his cars and he saw the value of using attractive women in his adverts.
74
How much was one car by 1926?
$295
75
How did the cars affect other industries?
It provided over 5million jobs in other industries.
76
How did farmers not benefit from the economic boom?
Half of Americans lived in rural areas, lots of farmers. Abroad countries won’t buy their products because of tariffs Overproduction
77
How did black Americans and immigrants not benefit from the economic boom?
85% of black people lived in the South and most were sharecroppers or labourers They were forced to take low paid jobs Overcrowded, 250,000 citizens in 50 blocks
78
How did trade unions not experience an economic boom?
In 1919, there were 4million people in trade unions, but there were 289,000 in 1929 Employers used violence to stop workers from joining trade unions and to break strikes
79
How did the coal industry not experience an economic boom?
In the 1920s, there were 12,000 mines and 700,000 workers. | 600,000 workers went on a 4 month strike for better working conditions
80
How did the textile industry not experience an economic boom?
Rayon was a cheap material so they didnt make as much money | Changing fashions meant that less material was being used - dresses used 1/4 of the material
81
What were the long term causes of the end of prosperity?
80% of Americans had no savings and 50% lived below the poverty line. black americans, immigrants coal, steel and textiles industries end of WW1 - 4 million soldiers looking for work
82
What were the consequences of the wall street crash?
Unemployment rose from 1.5 million to over 12 million. In 1929, 659 banks closed and $200 million hobos, shanty towns. Value of goods dropped by 50% Foreign trade dropped from $9 billion to $3 billion.
83
Why was there overproduction?
Only small numbers of the population could afford the goods. factories and farms were producing too much. Foreign countries wouldn't buy from them because of the tariffs.
84
What happened on 24th October 1929?
13 million shares were sold, widespread panic, Black Thursday
85
What happened on 29th October 1929?
16 million shares were sold, Black Tuesday
86
How many people went to the cinema?
1927 - 60 million people a week | 1929 - 110 million per week`
87
Why did people go to the cinema?
Cheap form of entertainment - Nickelodeon cost 5 cents. Some were simple and cheap, but others, like the Roxy theatre were extravagant. By 1930 there were 303,000 cinemas in America
88
How did the movies advance?
Ben Hur used colour - 1925 The Jazz Singer was the first 'talkie' - 1927 Disney made the first cartoon - 1928
89
Name actors/actresses
Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Clara Bow
90
What did the 'Hays code' say?
no nudity, no long screen kisses, adultery was not to be presented as attractive and the clergy could not be shown as comedy or villainous characters.
91
Why did Jazz music spread across America so quickly?
Black Americans were migrating to escape persecution WW1 carried Jazz overseas It was popular with young, middle class Americans Radio - 10 million by 1929 - KDKA - and gramophones.
92
Examples of Jazz musicians.
Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, who played at the Cotton club in New York
93
Examples of Jazz dances.
The Charleston, Black Bottom, Lindy Hop, Bunny Hug
94
What was life like for women before WW1?
Few had jobs - they were expected to be wives and mothers - and if they did have jobs it was something like nursing or teaching Restrictive clothing, ankle length dresses, no make up No drinking or smoking and had to have a chaperone.
95
What changed in the role of women after WW1?
90,000 women enlisted in the US army. | In 1918, the 19th amendment was passed, which gave all women the right to vote.
96
What did flappers do?
Wore daring fashions - bright colours, higher hem lines, exposed arms, lots of jewellery and make up. Smoked and drank in public - listened to Jazz music in speak easies.
97
Examples of famous flappers
Joan Crawford, Clara Bow
98
Who disapproved of flappers?
Mothers of flappers - formed the 'anti-flirt league' | In Chicago, there was a $10-100 fine for wearing short skirts or baring their arms.
99
How did the education/working improve for women?
By 1928, women earned 39% of college degrees. By 1920, 1/4 of women worked. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly a plane across the atlantic.

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