USA + China Flashcards
1
Q
Deng’s changes in industry (6)
A
open door policy - encouraged competition with foreign companies so Chinese businesses could produce higher quality goods
gave managers + experts more freedom with targets and profits
encouraged foreign investment in export industries - encouraged foreign investment in home industries in 1984
tax concessions + lack of financial restrictioons for exporters
introduced incentives to workers (bonuses)
Special Economic Zones established in coastal China to access Hong Kong + Taiwan market
2
Q
The Boxer Rebellion 1899 (5)
A
late 1890s - chinese secret group (Boxers) attack foreigners + Chinese Christians
westerners retreat to British legation which is sieged by Boxers
supported by Cixi who declared war on foreigners
Westerners raise international force to break siege
boxers executed + Cixi and emperor flee disguised as peasants
3
Q
Reaction of Deng and CCP to student protests (5)
A
traditonal members of CCP angered by criticisms
Deng sacks Hu Yaobang after criticizing slow pace of reform
tightened censorship
arrested leaders blamed for unrest
announced China did not need democracy as government would rule for them
4
Q
Define Mao thought (4)
A
oppose counter revolutionaries
mass mobilisation of people
constant class struggle
self-reliance
5
Q
American Immigration policies (2)
A
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
National Origins Act of 1924
6
Q
Explain education in the Cultural Revolution (3)
A
intellectuals identified as enemies
teachers harmed - children believed they had held back progress of communism
schools + colleges closed so children could take part in revolution
7
Q
Why the USSR supported the GMD (4)
A
wanted to encourage spread of communism
CCP too small to achieve revolution (50 members when founded)
GMD’s “3 principles” similar to communist ideas
China not ready for Marxist revolution - majority of population peasants rather than workers
8
Q
Deng’s one-child policy (4)
A
1979
couples with one child were rewarded (cash, extra rations)
couple required permit to give birth
state could order abortion for women that had more than one child
9
Q
Hoover’s actions impact for Banker (2)
A
positive - allowed big banks to continue
negative - too late + lots of banks had failed
10
Q
Impact of Agrarian Reform Law 1950 (2)
A
landlords execute + beat up
destruction of high class + introduction of communism
11
Q
Impact of the “Up to the mountains and down to the villages” campaign (3)
A
young people did not enjoy peasant life - difficult work + low standards of living
peasants did not like extra mouths to feed
youths began to doubt Mao + felt they had been used in power struggle of party
12
Q
How WW1 benefited American economy (2)
A
offered loans to Europe
created demand for US goods in Europe - Europeans did not have enough time to produce food + steel
13
Q
Impact of Warlord Era for Chinese people (2)
A
suffering
no central government to provide aid during droughts + flooding caused people to turn to revolutionary ideas
14
Q
Reasons for the Great Leap Forward/2nd 5 year plan 1958-1962 (5)
A
Mao wanted to end Chinese dependence on USSR
wanted to continue industrial progress started in first 5 year plan
Mao believed anything could be achieved if there was the will to succeed
believed communism better than capitalism
believed collectivisaion of agriculture would feed workers + produce could be sold to buy machinery
15
Q
Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Mao’s position (3)
A
became more powerful - opponents removed, CCP under his control
population loyal to Mao
paranoid that CCP members were against him
16
Q
USSR influence in China 1920s (2)
A
encouraged CCP to work with GMD
USSR provided funds to GMD
17
Q
Causes of Prohibition (4)
A
campaign groups fought for prohibition
alcohol damaged society - led to unemployment, waste of wages, domestic violence
weakened economy - drunk workers less efficient
created problems during war - grain needed for food rather than alcohol production
18
Q
Impacts of Henry Ford and mass production (3)
A
production time fell –> could be sold more cheaply
increase in demand for products
production of products increased demand for products in other industries (e.g petrol for car making)
19
Q
Situation of electricity before New Deal (3)
A
1930 - electricity only available to 10% of farms
private electricity suppliers did not provide for poor farmers
farmers had no access to electric consumer goods (fridges) + production technology
20
Q
Shortcomings of New Deal for black people (4)
A
AAA forced black tenants off farmland
NRA caused many black people to lose their jobs
relief payments often lower for black people
most black people had no access to social security
21
Q
How the failure of the political reforms lead to 1911 Chinese revolution (3)
A
too little + late
Han resented government as Manchus dominated National Consultative Council
limits on provincial assemblies called for faster reform which the government failed to do
22
Q
Reasons for CCP wanting to reduce birth in 1979
A
fear that large population would make it harder for economic policies to provide resources for every person
23
Q
Tiananmen Square protests (4)
A
organised sit-ins + began hunger strike
frequent fights with police
event reported by journalists around the world
gained support from non-student protesters
24
Q
Roosevelt’s Alphabet Agencies (4)
A
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Farm Credit Administration (FCA)
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)
25
Jobs of American Women in 1918 (2)
needed to replace men who went to war
most women were in female jobs (secretaries)
26
Achievements of New Deal in Recovery (3)
600 banks re-opened
industry recovered - businesses began making profit
farm income increased from 2.6b/year to 4.6b
27
First Five Year Plan (4)
1952-1957
focused on expansion of coal, iron, steel
successful - urban population willing to work, China had many natural resources
building of road and bridge across Yangzi river
28
Purpose of congress (3)
passes laws
agrees taxes
agrees president's appointment of judges + ministers
29
Second Stage of Chinese Civil War (4)
1947 - 1948
People's Liberation Army (communist army) launch full-scall attacks of conventional warfare
push into central + western china while enjoying victories in Manchuria
GMD begins to weaken
30
Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (4)
ruler of China
lived in the Forbidden City in Beijing
had the Mandate of Heaven
not to be challenged
31
Explain the desire to remove bureaucrats as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (2)
believed China was run by bureaucrats not interested in revolution but privileges of power
feared that they would grow into new class of Mandarins
32
Political Reasons for CCP victory in Civil War (4)
communism attracted local support
political unity - Mao leadership unchallenged + prevented disputes
impression of democratic dictatorship - local populations involved in discussions of reforms
propaganda - spread communist ideas + won over peasant population
33
Qing Reforms 1902-1911 (6)
1905 : weakening of Mandarin domination of government
nationalisation of railways - greater control for Qing government
educational reforms + scholarship options for students to study abroad
1908 : creation of new army under Manchu control
1909 : introduction of provincial assemblies with limited right to vote
1910 - 1911 : established National Consultative Council to advise government
34
Results of 1911 Revolution (4)
Sun Yat-sen returns to China and offered position of president
Yuan Shikai persuades Sun Yat-sen to allow him to be president - promised to persuade Manchus to abdicate + replace imperial system with republic
Sun agrees as he does not have military support to resist Yuan
Yuan organises abdication of Puyi
35
Impact of Boxer Rebellion 1899 (4)
showed how government could not free China from foreigners - unpopular
western powers demand 67 million pounds in reparations
foreign soldiers placed around Beijing
westerners destroyed China's military fortifications + weapons
36
Negative effect of New Deal on providing electricity
other companies attempted to slow electrification progress - worried about losing profits
37
Impact of Gangsters in America (5)
caused violence in cities
controlled politicians
turned citizens into criminals
made prohibition ineffective --> bribed prohibition agents
1933 - prohibition/alcohol ban ends
38
Power shared by federal and state government of USA (4)
Taxes
Court system - Law and order
Regulate banks
Public Welfare
39
Impact of the Antis Campaigns (2)
increase in support for party
reduction of criminal activity in cities
40
Hoover's actions to help Unemployment (2)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation - allowed federal gov. to loan money to states for relief - states had to meet tough requirements to receive money
Public works - increased spending on government projects to create jobs - spending was low
41
Reasons for large production scales of farms in 1920s America (3)
credit - allowed farmers to borrow
machinery - improved food production
WW1 encouraged farmers to increase production
42
Impact of decrease in demand for agriculture in 1920s America (2)
farmers went bankrupt
workers lost their jobs
43
End of KKK (2)
1925 - KKK leader found guilty of rape + murder of white woman
damaged reputation of KKK --> lost members
44
Features of Modernist Protestants within USA (3)
believed bible had to be reinterpretated due to modern science
believed in Darwinism + god was behind evolution
believed values changed with history
45
Features of the Cultural Revolution (8)
Mass mobilization + role of young people
Attack on 4 Olds
Red Guards
Cult of Mao + Little Red Book
Education
PLA + end of violence
"Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages" Campaign
Removal of CCP opposition
46
The Works Progress Administration in Roosevelt's Second New Deal (7)
1935
meant to replace CWA
employed 8 million americans
helped manual labourers - road building
helped writers + performers - guidebook writing + travelling theatre groups
helped women - sewing + teaching programmes
helped young people - stay in college + join training programmes
47
Reasons for The Palmer Raids (3)
1919 - strike by industrial workers due to low wages - upset politicians + industrialists
1919 - 40 mail bombs addressed to politicians + industrialists found
1919 - 8 cities experience bomb attacks - pushed Palmer and government to action
48
Lifestyle of American women in 1918
women did household chores (cooking, cleaning, raising children)
49
The "Democracy Wall" Movement (4)
people pinned comments on what was happening in China on wall
Deng supported wall - supporters pinned criticisms of his opponents + praises of him
wall began to express anti-government feelings - students criticised party + lack of democracy
1979 - Wei Jinsheng arrested after criticising governments lack of democracy
50
National Industry Recovery Act (3)
started 1933 + declared invalid in 1935
created NRA
gave workers legal right to join trade unions
51
Hoover's Beliefs (2)
felt that government did not have right to force people to do things
believed individuals should look after themselves instead of depending on gov. or charity
52
Ruler of Qing Dynasty
Emperor
53
Achievements of New Deal for black people (3)
"Black Cabinet" gave black people more political power
30% of black families received relief
early signs of end of segregation - some CCC camps integrated
54
How the nationalisation of China's railways led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)
nationalisation increased Manchu control in provinces
owners angry after not receiving full compensation for giving ownership
anger after Qing government paid for expansion of railways by borrowing money from Westerners
55
Roosevelt's New Deal help for relief (2)
Federal Emergency Relief Act - provided grant of $500 million to states to spend on relief
Home Owner's Refinancing Act - extend mortgage payments (20 years to pay off) - made easier for people to keep homes
56
Define the Thought Reform Campaign (3)
1951
forced intellectuals in unis to confess to errors in thinking
attended study sessions to re-educate Mao thought
57
Reasons for the "Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages" Campaign (4)
reduce unemployment in cities
teach youth the lives of peasants
send RGs to area they would do less damage
increase military control over young on PLA controlled farms
58
Features of stock market in USA (3)
1927-1929 : 1.5 million Americans involved in buying shares
bought shares of company using own money (borrowed from bank or broker)
dangerous - americans were gambling
59
Explain the desire for permanent revolution as a cause of the Cultural Revolution
wanted to make sure that old ideas did not undo changes of the CCP since 1949
60
How Huey Long opposed the New Deal (4)
criticised New Deal - believed NRA controlled by big businesses, Social Security did not reduce income gap, AA left poor farmers homeless
suggested Share Our Wealth program - tax rich and give $2500 to ordinary Americans, not enough rich people
8 million joined him
1935 - shot dead
61
Features of Bonus Marchers during the Great Depression (9)
government passes law giving WW1 veterans bonus of $625 in 1945
veterans wanted bonus during Depression - 20,000 people march to capitol to ask for bonus
Congress gives marchers $100,000
5000 stayed to pressure government
Hoover sets deadline for veterans to leave
police attacked after trying to empty buildings
conflict escalated - shots fired
Hoover sends in military - marchers feld + were teargassed
Hoover reputation ruined
62
Impact of the Hundred Flowers Campaign for Mao and the CCP (2)
resigned as head of state but still leader of CCP --> allowed Mao to take credit for success but avoid blame for failure
Peng replaced by Biao as Defence Minister - criticised famine
63
Explain the test for young people as a cause of the Cultural Revolution
believed that young people did not struggle enough for them to identify with revolution
64
Impact of Great Migration to the North (2)
still earned low wages + lived in ghettos
race riots - white workers angered that black people were taking their jobs
65
Features of Sport in 1920s (2)
Americans could spend time watching sport
1921 - 300,000 people watched baseball world series
66
Explain the presence of CCP opponents as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (2)
feared that opponents within CCP wanted to remove him
CR allowed him to destroy potential opposition
67
Explain the removal of opposition to Mao in the Cultural Revolution (4)
removed revisionist CCP members - RG attacked revisionists
replaced by PLA members - more support for Mao
1966 - Mao criticises Liu + forces him to confess as a traitor + arrested
Mao suspicious that Lin was planning to overthrow him - was killed in plane crash as he tried to escape
68
The Mandate of Heaven (2)
idea that fate had given the emperor authority to rule
the emperor's actions kept the natural laws of harmony
69
Sacco and Vanzetti Case (5)
1920 - 2 italian immigrants commit robbery
police heard car associated with crime taken to garage + told mechanic to notify them when it was collected
2 Italian anarchists pick up car
later arrested by police + found to carry guns
lied to police --> link to anarchist movement discovered
70
Positive effects of 1935 Social Security Act (2)
first programme to provide pensions + unemployment insurance
helped 7000 children
71
Reasons for 1911 Revolution (5)
weak government
failure of political reforms
consequences of army reform
spread of revolutionary ideas
resentment over nationalisation of railways
72
Purpose of US President (4)
proposes laws
runs foreign policy
appoints government ministers
commands armed forces
73
Consequence of Sino-Soviet Split (4)
forced to seek friends elsewhere - loaned 2 billion USD to African countries for support
China still able to test nuclear weapon in 1964
1972 - invites Nixon for talks + agreed on developing relations
Chinese nukes pointed towards USSR
74
Deng's political principles on how China should be governed (4)
CCP would keep leading role
no multi-party system
no free elections
no freedom of speech
75
Reasons why Republicans opposed New Deal (3)
FDR was democrat
believed federal government/alphabet agencies was too powerful
did not like large government spending
76
Improvements in lifestyle for American women in 1920s (2)
divorce rate increase - 10% to 17%
increasing number of electrical appliances
77
Formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (3)
founded in secret in girls' school in Shanghai
Chen Duxui (member of May 4th Movement) elected as general secretary
Mao Zedong later becomes CCP leader
78
Shortcomings of New Deal for Native Americans (3)
most were poor
relied on Alphabet Agencies - without help when they closed down
some New Deal policies unpopular with Indians (plan to kill goats + sheep of tribe)
79
Features of Jazz and Dancing in 1920s (2)
Jazz increased in popularity
developed multi-racial cities
80
Opposition of Republicans to New Deal (5)
won more seats in elections due to 1937 recession
worked to cut spending on relief programmes
investigated alphabet agencies + accused them of communism
blocked New Deal measures - housing + public work
1938 - ended New Deal
81
Sacco and Venzetti Trial (4)
1921
Innocent - had good reputation, lied because they thought they were arrested for "Red Scare Bombings", gun tampered with - not good evidence, had allibis
Guilty - bullet could have been fired from gun, had criminal record, lied to police, eyewitnesses to crime identified them
1927 - found guilty + sentenced to electrocution
82
Achievements of First Five Year Plan (3)
coal production doubled
electric power production increased by 3 times
steep production increased by 4 times
83
Impact of Cultural Revolution on Culture (2)
Qing censored certain creative art
wanted to develop communist-approved culture
84
Japan's 21 Demands (3)
demands on China which gave Japan control over Chinese territory
forced China to appoint Japanese political + military advisers
forced China to buy Japanese weapons
85
Deng's response to the Tiananmen square protests (5)
declared Martial law
PLA troops surrounded square
soldiers + tanks opened fire --> cleared protests in one night
suspects arrested
CCP members who sympathised with protestors were dismissed
86
Define the Hundred Flowers Campaign (5)
1957
encouraged citizens to write criticisms of the CCP
initially, criticisms were minor
mao assured citizens he wanted to hear their voice
ended campaign after shocked by intensity of criticisms
87
Fifth/Final Extermination Campaign 1933/1934 (4)
GMD blockade CCP + prevent food coming in
GMD surround Communists - builds roads for faster movement + provides shelter for NRA
GMD's scorched earth policy force CCP to fight static war
CCP defeated and forced to flee Jiangxi
88
Explain constant class struggle in Mao thought (2)
ensure that communist revolution was maintained
prevent CCP from becoming ruling class
89
Reasons for the Cultural Revolution (5)
wanted permanent revolution
provide a test for young people
prevent revolution being weakened by revisionists
remove opponents to CCP + Mao
remove bureaucrats motivated by power
90
Origins of the "Monkey Trial" (4)
Anti-Evolution League of America - against teaching of evolution in schools
1925 - Tennessee basses Butler act --> illegal to teach evolution
modernists ask Scopes to break the law to test whether it would be enforced
Scopes agrees + is arrested
91
Causes of the Great Depression (6)
The Wall Street Crash
Under-Consumption
Over-Production in industry
Decreased income of farmers
Failing Banks
Problems in Europe
92
Features of motoring in USA 1920s (3)
driving became leisure activity rather than means of transport
1929 - 23 million owned cars
holidays were easier
93
Features of Consumerism in USA (3)
shopping became leisure activity
1921 - 5000 refrigerators sold
encouraged consumers to buy goods
94
Reasons why businesses were against the New Deal (3)
did not like being told what to do - NRA codes required minimum wage + maximum hours
New Deal supported trade unions
did not like that the government was spending so much
95
Gangsters in Prohibition (4)
prohibition provided market for gangsters to sell alcohol
Al Capone would fight with competing gangs --> Valentine's Day 1929 killed 7 rival gangsters
Ness + team (untouchables) seized illegal alcohol
IRS discovers tax evasion from Al Capone and arrests him
96
Huai-Hai Campaign/Final Stage of Chinese Civil War (4)
1948-1949
Chiang decides to make stand at Xuzhou - chiang lost northern china + wanted to prevent spread of communism
PLA strengthened - destroyed area surrounding Xuzhou so NRA did not have enough food, NRA deserters joined PLA
eventually surrender in 1949
97
Decline of Textile Factories 1920s America
changing fashions + competition from synthetic polymers
98
The Shanghai Massacres (4)
1927
white terror - Chiang's troops kill communists in China (more than 5000 communists killed)
Chiang supported by Shanghai industrialists
attacks spread to other areas
99
CCP and GMD common aims (3)
destroy warlords
expel foreigners from China
improve lives of Chinese people
100
The Trial of the Gang of 4 (3)
1980-1981
accused of attempting to overthrow communist state
all members found guilty
101
China in 1960-1965 (3)
Liu and Deng take control after Mao steps down
imported grain, eased pressure on peasantry, slowed rush towards socialism
Mao concerned about changes + wanted a new revolution
102
Effects of Great Leap Forward (5)
collectivisation failed
productivity in businesses decreased as they had no incentive for profit
steel produced in backyard furnaces were poor quality
China not trained enough when soviet experts left China
Mao resigns
103
Mao's Successor after his death (2)
Hua Guofeng
Politburo considered him temp. leader
104
Explain the "Attack on the Four Olds" in the Cultural Revolution (3)
4 Olds : old habits, ideas, culture, customs
1966 - organised rallies - told young people to attack revisionist CCP members + aspects of Chinese culture considered "old"
attacked cultural sites + seized objects associated with old (instruments, books)
105
Impact of Great Depression on Agriculture (2)
protests - farms lost land to debt put up for auction - 1/3 of farmers lost land
farmers migrated - moved from rural to urban to find jobs
106
Improvements in rights for American women in 1920s (2)
1920 - 19th Ammendment gave women right to vote
some women became politicians
107
First Extermination Campaign 1930-1934 (2)
Chiang gathers 44,000 NRA troops to surround + destroy communists
failure - communists do not fight face to face, instead trick NRA into entering their territory and lay traps for them
108
Shortcomings of New Deal in Relief (3)
relief projects relied heavily on government spending
poor needed housing but little built
relief varied from state to state
109
Zunyi Conference 1935 (2)
Mao appointed de facto leader
decided on new tactic of communists dividing + regrouping while moving in surprising directions
110
The Long March after meeting with Zhang untill end (4)
Mao wanted to cross bog while Zhang wanted to move west - Zhang returned to Mao after parting ways, increasing Mao's position in CCP
many died crossing bog (drowned, froze)
defeated a force of GMD + stormed a fortress
reach Yan'an (only 5000 survive)
111
Russian Bolshevik government contribution to Development of GMD 1919-1924 (4)
Joffe organises negotiations
Borodin helps to reorganise GMD as mass party with a powerful central leadership
Borodin provides large quantity of arms
Borodin approves Chiang Kai-shek becoming commander of the GMD
112
How Roosevelt's Second New Deal helped the poor (4)
CCC + PWA received $4 billion
Resettlement Administration - built 3 suburban towns
Housing Act - create new homes to replace shanty towns
National Labor Relations Act - improved working conditions (minimum wage + maximum hours)
113
Explain the Cult of Personality and the Little Red Book in the Cultural Revolution (3)
young people worshipped Mao as a god
veneration of Mao created by propaganda campaign
Little red book - allowed people to feel closer to Mao
114
Features of Cinema in 1920s America (2)
1924 - 40 million cinema tickets sold each week
film had colour + sound + animation
115
Reasons for war with Japan 1937-1941 (2)
Chiang's policy of allowing the Japanese to take land was unpopular with the people
policy could not continue once Japanese began full-scale occupation policy
116
Impact of unemployment for Americans 1930s (3)
reduced living standards
relied on relief - soup kitchens
20,000 children did not have enough food in NYC
117
May the 4th Movement 1919 (4)
students from Beijing University protest in Tiananmen Square
call on government to resist humiliating treatment of China
movement spreads
government refuses to sign treaty
118
Problems farmers faced in 1920s America (2)
demand fell
production rates rose
119
Features of the "xiang" by Deng (2)
had a quota to supply to state
household responsibility system - farmers able to sell extra produce as profit --> created incentive to farm
120
Shortcomings of New Deal in Recovery (5)
farming income rarely reached 1929 level
NRA codes weren't followed
old industries remained unprofitable
recession between 1937-1938
1939 unemployment still at 17.2%
121
How Sinclair challenged the New Deal (2)
believed empty land + shut-down factories should be opened for unemployed to produce what they needed
ran for california governor in 1934 - lost to republican candidate (too radical)
122
Positives of The Long March (4)
propaganda for communism
Mao's position of leadership confirmed
won support of peasants as they marched
able to establish base at Yanan
123
How Doctor Townsend challenged the New Deal (3)
created Old Age Revolving Pensions in 1933
suggested everyone over 60 should get $200/month to spend in 30 days - funded with 2% sales tax (was not enough funding)
could not challenge FDR's Social Security Act
124
Chinese people's opinions on the Manchu (2)
resented political power of Manchu
remained obedient due to Chinese culture
125
Impact of credit in USA (2)
encouraged people to buy
factories had reason to keep producing
126
Impact of Cultural Revolution on Family (3)
weakened family - children taught to prioritise Mao + CCP over family
encouraged to report parents for any signs of "old"
family ties broken when young were sent to countryside
127
Emergence of privatisation + westernisation in Deng's China (5)
SEZ's inspired by system of foreigners
SEZs relied on foreign tech. + western business practices
SEZ firms were private
private businesses established within domestic market
western influence brought back from returning Chinese students + businessmen (e.g culture, clothes)
128
The "Red Scare" (2)
public feared communism would change society - taking public's wealth
US government feared eastern + central europeans would bring communist ideas
129
Hoover's actions to help industry (2)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation - made money available for banks to loan to industries - most of loans went to large banks + companies
National Business Survey Conference - arranged meeting with business executive to make promises about production + wages - promises made but were broken
130
Social Life for Chinese Women in the 1950s (6)
peasants opposed marriage law
women who divorced treated as outcasts
average age of marriage rose
arranged marriages continued
resistance to birth control in rural areas
childbirth became safer
131
Collectivisation (3)
1956-1958
collectives - farms of 2000-3000 households where all animals + equipment belonged to collective (no private ownership)
party would be able to direct produce to towns
132
First Stage of the Chinese Civil War (3)
1946 - 1947
GMD initially successful - captured cities in north
Communist develop successful guerilla tactics and capture northern Manchuria
133
The National Recovery Administration (2)
wrote rules companies had to follow - quotas on production, controlled prices, set wages, banned child labour
businesses that followed code was allowed to display Blue Eagle logo - was popular with people + ensured trustworthy business
134
Public Works Administration
given money to provide work on short-term projects (dam-building)
135
The Long March after Zunyi and until meeting with Zhang's forces 1935 (5)
communists moved south then north to cross the Yangtze
Mao decides to join with another communist group under Zhang Guotao
communists cross the Dadu River
communists travel through Great Snow Mountains
meet with Zhang forces (50,000) - power struggle between Mao + Zhang
136
Explain failing banks as a cause of the great depression (4)
many had limited reserves of money + no back-up if they needed help
hard for government to help banks - only 1/3 were part of Federal Reserve system
prevented loans given to businesses + lowered purchasing power for consumers
consumers had lack of faith in banking system - pulled their savings out of banks
137
Features of the leisure industry 1920s (2)
spent 1.8 billion USD more in 1929 than 10 years before
watched cinema + listened to radio
138
Military Reasons for CCP victory in the Civil War (3)
Mao was a skilled leader + allowed generals to provide strategy
PLA used guerilla warfare then conventional warfare once GMD was weakened
PLA was disciplined and gained support for communism through respect
139
Features of Advertising in USA (2)
used posters + newspapers to encourage demand
radio - advertised products + 2 billion USD spent per year in1929
140
Define the 5 Antis Campaign (3)
1952
targeted threats to CCP + Mao thought
wanted to end bribery, tax evasion, industrial sabotage, theft of state property
141
Yuan Shikai as a ruler 1912 - 1916 (7)
rules as dictator
unpopular with Guomindang (Sun Yat-Sen's party)
military governors in provinces feared that they would lose authority if Shikai continued ruling
1915 - attempts to make himself emperor
1915 - accepts Japan's 21 Demands
1915 - army revolts against Yuan and forces him to abandon being an emperor
1916 - dies of stroke
142
Impact of the Monkey Trial (4)
Judge fined Scopes $100
Butler Act remained
religious debate got attention
damaged fundamentalism - mocked by newspapers
143
How the consequences of the army reform led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)
expensive - Chun increased taxes
heavy taxes were unpopular
Chun dismisses Yuan Shikai, creating an enemy to the dynasty
144
The Commodity Credit Corporation (2)
paid farmers to keep extra goods in store
increased prices - reduced supply of products
145
Deng's changes in education (6)
1978
university entrance exams reintroduced
private unis allowed
students encouraged to travel to West for education
reopened closed research institutes during CR
wanted skills to modernise industrial process of China
146
Limitations of improvements of American women in 1920s (3)
women still expected to do household chores
women followed husband's voting decision
women did not have equal pay
147
Hoover's action impact for Europe (2)
positive - provided time for europe to recover
negative - too late to stop collapse of european economy
148
Define the Politburo (2)
carried out government of China under Mao
committee of 5 leading members of CCP
149
Explain opposing counter revolutionaries in Mao thought
preventing the rise of conflicting ideologies with communism
150
Opposition of the Supreme Court to the New Deal (3)
shut down NRA - believed NRA had too much power over states
agreed that AAA - should not be allowed to supervise agricultural production
Supreme Court had power controlling president - judges did not support Roosevelt
151
Achievements of New Deal for women (3)
more influence in politics (thanks to Eleanor Franklin)
Social Security Act - provided grants for women with dependent children
WPA women's division provided help
152
End of Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 (4)
January 1949- took north including Beijing
September 1949 - took control of China
Mao declares new government People's Republic of China (PRC) with himself as leader
Chiang flees to Taiwan and sets up GMD government
153
Impact of WW1 on American workers (3)
increased demand for workers caused by increased demand of goods
increased wages of workers
more opportunities for workers from a range of backgrounds (e.g women, African American) - replaced men who had left to fight
154
Explain falling incomes of farmers as a cause of the great depression
Dust bowl 1930-1931 : soil erosion + unusable land
155
Reasons why Mao chose his successor Hua (2)
had support of military
had support of more Politburo members
156
Reasons for the Boxer Uprising/Rebellion 1899 (3)
1898 - Emperor Guangxu tried to modernise government -> opposed by his aunt, Empress Dowager Cixi who seized control of government and ended reforms
Chinese hated foreigners
Cixi encouraged attacks on foreigners
157
Impact of the Wall Street Crash (6)
share values dropped
brokers demanded immediate repayment of loans --> investors took back money from savings causing stain on banks
banks invested most of savings on stock - stopped loaning to people + went bankrupt
investors lost their savings
decreased consumer spending
businesses invested less --> lowered production rate
158
How Roosevelt's Hundred Days solved the banking crisis (3)
Emergency Banking Act 1933 - closed all banks for 4 days, checked banks + only reopened financially secure banks
requested Americans to deposit savings
restored confidence - $1 million deposited in 1933
159
Shortcomings of New Deal for women (2)
paid less than men
Alphabet agencies provided more help for men : CCC only provided 5000 places a year
160
Explain the "Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages" Campaign in the Cultural Revolution (2)
1969
sent youths to rural areas to learn about peasant life
161
How congress did not have too much power in American politics (2)
President can veto laws
Supreme Court can say actions are unconstitutional
162
The Farm Credit Administration
improved mortgage arrangements for 20% of farms
163
Deng Xiaoping's aims (3)
modernise Chinese economy
develop trade with outside world
encourage foreign investment in China
164
Hoover's actions impact for charity workers (2)
positive - efforts to raise donations for charities
negative - could not provide enough relief
165
Purpose of Supreme Court (2)
interprets constitution + laws
final appeal court
166
Problems for USA caused by end of WW1 (4)
demand for goods dropped - european farming recovered by 1920
workers lost jobs - returning soldiers re-entered workforce
race riots - increased number of black workers
farmers who borrowed money struggled to pay back as demand decreased
167
Effect of Great Depression on black people (2)
more likely to lose their job - 1/2 black women lost their job
racist threats
168
Second (3rd + 4th) Extermination Campaign 1931/1934 (5)
Chiang leads 100,000 troops against CCP
slow movement of Chiang's troops allowed CCP to escape
Chiang met opposition from peasants (due to violent actions of GMD, respect from CCP)
as a result, troops had too little to eat + unwilling to support Chiang find communists
extermination campaign failed
169
Reasons for the United Front victory (3)
strength + tactics of United Front army superior to warlord army
Communists gained support of peasants
Chiang bribed warlords + allowed them to keep their armies if they submitted to the GMD
170
Western Influence in China 19th Century (2)
westerners brought missionaries to spread religion (Christianity, Buddhism) + technology
Qing allowed westerners to exploit China's economic resources
171
Result of Shanghai Massacres 1927 (2)
Mao and his supporters flee to mountains of Jiangxi province
set up communist government in Jiangxi
172
Emergency Quota Act (3)
1921
limited immigration to 357,000 per year
each country could send 3% of number of their people living in 1920 USA - intended to benefit western europeans + against eastern europeans
173
Treatment of Women during the Qing Dynasty (5)
properties of fathers + husbands
received little education
arranged marriage
could not vote
did not have right to divorce
174
How Republican's were unsuccessful in stopping New Deal (2)
1936 election - republican president candidate promised to end new deal --> unpopular with people + was unsuccessful
FDR created Second New Deal + replaced Alphabet Agencies
175
Reasons why China began to Decline by the early 20th Century (3)
opium wars
1894 - Japan defeats China in war and takes Korea
France seized territory in south
176
Impact of Cultural Revolution on education (2)
less than 1% of population had a degree
young people trained to be loyal party members than educated
177
Decline of Railroad industry 1920s America (2)
initially used to transport supplies + troops
competition from car ownership
178
Outbreak of Civil War (4)
neither side prepared for civil war
Americans persuade GMD + CCP to stop fighting (worried that USSR might exploit China)
communists leave talks when Chiang tries to set up government giving total power to GMD
fighting breaks out
179
Impact of Cultural Revolution on Health (3)
doctors seen as enjoying life than helping revolution
people cancelled appointments for fear of opposing revolution
improved peasant life - doctors went to provide healthcare in countryside
180
Reasons for The Great Migration to the North
wanted to escape racism + find jobs in factories
181
USSR help to Chinese during Kruschev's rule (3)
1958 - soviet scientists arrive
11,000 Chinese specialists travel to USSR to train in new tech.
scientists help Chinese select Lop Nur salt lake for nuclear testing site + help build first Chinese nuclear reactor
182
Features of Hoovervilles during the Great Depression (4)
homeless joined together to create shanty town on scrap materials
population grew into thousands
lacked basic facilities - shelter, electricity, water
called towns "Hoovervilles" - blamed Pres Hoover
183
Hoover's actions impact for businessmen (2)
positive - made promises to help end depression
negative - most did not keep promises
184
Features of Flappers (3)
challenged traditional image of women - short hair, make-up, short skirts
went to clubs and danced
flapper lifestyle only for those who could afford
185
Causes of the Wall Street Crash 1929 (2)
experienced investors began to sell shares --> expected prices to fall as realized stock did not align with performance of economy + Federal Reserve made more difficult to borrow
investors all began selling as panic replaced confidence
186
Features of Homelessness during the Great Depression (4)
americans lost homes - could not pay rent or mortgage
migrated to find work
government could not provide relief
100,000 homeless people in California looking for work in 1931
187
Hoover's actions impact for farmer (2)
positive - allowed some farmers to keep land
negative - Farm Board could not cope with large surpluses
188
1950 Marriage Law (5)
arranged marriage banned
minimum marriage age 18 for women and 20 for men
concubines forbidden
men and women had rights to divorce
women given property rights
189
How Roosevelt's Second New Deal helped banks (3)
Banking Act of 1935
created Board of Governors at Federal Reserves - could control more powerful banks
strengthened banks + no banks closed in 1936
190
How the spread of revolutionary ideas led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (2)
Sun Yat-sen believed Qing had to be overthrown for China to modernise + brought ideas of nationalism
ideas spread among young Chinese men
191
Impact of Great Famine (2)
50 million deaths
parents sold children, husbands sold wives
192
Impact of Deng's one child policy (3)
increase in female infanticide - peasant families valued male child as they were able to do more physical labour
decreased population growth
greater males than females
193
Hoover's actions to solve Bank problem (2)
National Credit Corporation - businesses raised $500 million to help banks
negative - NCC's investors afraid to lose money
194
The Rise of the Gang of 4
Mao supported Jiang's campaign --> wanted to preserve achievements of CR
195
Main groups of Protestant USA (2)
Fundamentalists
Modernists
196
Reasons for 1920s Economic boom in USA (4)
new production methods - factories produced goods faster
credit to buy things
advertisement - encouraged people to buy consumer goods
popularity of investing in stocks + shares
197
Start of the "Democracy Movement" (3)
inspired others to call for Chinese democracy
1979 - intellectuals called for political changes to match modernisation after experiencing Western politics
1985 - student demonstrations in Beijing
198
1953 CCP Policies for women (2)
policies promoting birth control
training midwives to make childbirth safer
199
Radical Opposition to government (4)
Huey Long
Doctor Townsend
Father Coughlin
Sinclair
200
The Long March until Zunyi 1934-1935 (5)
80,000 Communists led by Zhou Enlai cross Gen River towards Guangxi
Zhou + warlord governer of Guandong agree to non-agression Pact and allow quick transit for communists
Chiang still had independent states in his reunified China
Chiang stops communists on Xiang River so they move west to Guizhou instead of linking up with communists in Hunan
1935 - Wu River crossed with bamboo rafts and Zunyi Captured
201
Power of Federal government of USA (4)
declare war
foreign policy
currency
regulate interstate trade
202
Hoover's actions impact for unemployed (2)
positive - created jobs, tried to increase relief
negative - government provided no direct relief
203
Impact of Great Depression on Industry (4)
demand decreased
wages lowered - fell 50% between 1929 and 1933
reduced working hours + production
workers fired
204
Impact of WW1 on American Industry (3)
factory production grows by 35%
Natural Resource industries grew
Consumer goods popular in Europe (e.g cigarettes)
205
GMD reasons for unpopularity (2)
GMD government dishonest
unpopular with peasants - high taxes + mistreated
206
Reasons for the Trial of the Gang of 4 (3)
1966 - planned to use the RG to remove Liu and Deng
punished and tortured opponents
accused of plotting to take control
207
GMD during Sino-Japanese War (4)
Chiang focused on attacking communists rather than Japanese
GMD guerilla warfare had little impact on Japanese
GMD army lacked the will to fight + loyalty
GMD areas heavily bombed
208
How Roosevelt's Second New Deal helped the old and disadvantages
1935 Social Security Act - created pension, unemployment insurance, support for disadvantaged groups
209
Define Prohibition (2)
alcohol drinkers argue with non-drinkers over right to drink alcohol
1919 - 18th Ammendement banned manufacture, sale, transportation of alcohol
210
Civilian Conservation Corps (2)
took unemployed men from countryside - gave them tough outdoor jobs (trail building)
income earned sent to families
211
Main parties in 1918 USA (2)
Republican party - wanted government to play small role in citizen lives, allowing businesses to grow
Democratic party - wanted government to play large role to tackle social problems
212
Explain the fear of revolution being weakened by revisionists as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (3)
opposed policies made by Deng + Liu
believed them to be capitalist sympathizers
wanted to remove revisionists in areas of culture and education to save revolution
213
Effect of Great Depression on Immigrant workers (2)
lost jobs to white people
left or deported - 500,000 workers returned to Mexico in 1930s
214
Influence of KKK (2)
political power - senators + governors were members
legal system - judges + police were members or KKK sympathisers
215
Reasons for Reforms + Self-Strengthening 1902-1911 (2)
ensure survival of Qing dynasty
believed reforms would re-establish China's power
216
Explain self reliance in Mao thought (2)
wanted China to be independent communist country
wanted China to not be controlled by USSR
217
Define the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (4)
1950 - negotiations between 2 countries
promise of aid in event of attack
loan of 300 million USD
list of all USSR agents in China
218
Problems with Deng's changes in industry (3)
workers unhappy with Deng stopping "iron rice bowl"
production remained ineffficient for SOEs
contract based on employment introduced late - progress was slow
219
Factors which contributed to Great Famine (5)
no incentive - peasants could not sell extra food for profit
Four Noes Campaign
Fear - Mao lied to about production
Drought + Flooding
Political pressure - peasants that tried to use traditional farming methods were denounced as enemies of the state
220
Impact of 1920s America decline in older industries (5)
workers suffered - had to find new region to find other work + lacked skills for new jobs
strikes became more violent
wages decreased
employment unstable
jobs lost
221
Roosevelt's Response to Supreme Court (3)
1937 - failed attempt to replace all judges over 70
judges began to side more with FDR after attempts of replacement
judges began to die + retire --> FDR replaced them with more sympathetic judges
222
Deng's changes to agriculture (2)
commune changed to "xiang"
farmers allowed to grow crop which grew best for them
223
Positive effect of New Deal on providing electricity (2)
35% farms had electricity now
boosted demand for electricity
224
Reasons why Americans were upset with Immigration (4)
many immigrants had different cultures + religions
often were poor, illiterate, could not speak english
fear that immigrants brought radical + communist ideas
worried that immigrant workers would steal their jobs (would accept lower wages)
225
Events before the start of the Cultural Revolution (3)
1965 : forces Wu Han to resign from deputy major of Beijing - disproved of the play he wrote which could be seen as criticism of Mao
1966 - Mao establishes Central Cultural Revolution Group under Chen Boda,
1966 - begins CR with his swim across Yangtze River
226
Reasons for the fall of the Gang of 4 (2)
Mao chose Hua Guofeng as his successor
Qing unpopular with Politburo due to actions during CR
227
Military Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (3)
Chiang poor military leader
Tactical errors - sent troops into Manchuria who could not be supplied as GMD did not control rest of north-eastern China (500,000 dead)
NRA unorganised - poorly supplied + treated
228
Impact of Western influence on China during 19th Century (2)
resentment to foreigners + government
Chinese public believed foreigners had to go for China to be restored to greatness
229
Economic and Social Reasons for CCP victory in Civil War (2)
support from peasants - land reforms
support of middle class - CCP loyalty to China demonstrated when it resisted Japan
230
Impact of Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (3)
gave funding for China to modernise its economy
gave economic concessions in Chinese cities to USSR
provided 10,000 economic + military advisors
231
Hoover's actions to solve farm problem (2)
set up Federal Farm Board to buy crops from farmers - built up large amount of extra goods + didnt stop fall in price
Federal Land Banks given money to provide farm mortgages - did not help farmers repay mortgages
232
Impact of Great Depression on unemployment
unemployment = 24.9% by 1933
233
Political Hierarchy within PRC government (5)
Head of CCP
Politburo
Central Committee of Party, State Council of National Government, PLA
National Government
Provincial Government
234
How Roosevelt's Second New Deal helped workers (3)
Wagner Act replaced NIRA
strengthened trade unions - workers legally entitled to join
National Labour Relations Board - gave protection to unions (defended fired workers, supervised union negotiations)
235
Explain under-consumption as a cause of the great depression (2)
only the rich could afford consumer goods --> poor lacked purchasing power
eventually demand decreased
236
Impact of radical criticism (3)
challenged FDR's popularity not New Deal
Influenced FDR - social security act + National Labour Relations Act
after 1935 - radicals lost popularity
237
Decline of Coal mining 1920s America (2)
oil began to replace coal as way of heating homes
1929 - 550,000 homes heated by oil
238
Agrarian Reform Law 1950 (2)
property of large landlords given to peasants
property of enemies of state confiscated
239
Reasons for The Shanghai Massacres 1927 (3)
Chiang suspicious of communists
GMD relied on funds from businessmen and would never accept communism
Chiang from rich class
240
Impact of the Cultural Revolution on the economy (3)
shortage of trains to transport goods - had been used to transport RGs to rural areas
steel production fell from 15 million tonnes to 1 million tonnes
grain production fell so government implemented rationing
241
Reasons for fall in demand for agriculture in 1920s America (4)
prohibition reduced demand for wheat (part of brewing process)
man-made clothing materials replaced cotton
other countries placed tariffs on American goods --> more difficult to sell overseas
1922 - Europe able to recover + produce enough food
242
How a weak government led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)
Guangxu + Cixi dead
Emperor Puyi is 2
Prince Chun attempts to rule but is inexperienced + does not provide strong government
243
Features of Henry Ford and Mass Production (2)
conveyor belt - surface which would move products along
worker would perform single task
244
Effect of Great Depression on Women (2)
lost job - household help no longer affordable
25% more women able to find work outside household
245
Achievements of New Deal for Native Americans (2)
Native Americans given a chance to vote
Indian Restoration Act - returned 7.4 million acres of land to tribes
246
Reasons for the Hundred Flowers Campaign (4)
Mao believed campaign would identify unloyal CCP members
lack of intellectual freedom prevented industrial development
1956 Hungary Revolution - what happens if people do not support gov.
criticisms on Stalin's cult of personality aimed at Mao
247
Desired outcome of relief aim of New Deal (2)
states provide money to address hunger + poverty
short-term projects for unemployed
248
Negative effects of Prohibition (5)
alcohol related jobs (farming, bars) became unemployed
government lost income tax on alcohol - 11 billion USD lost by 1931
americans turned into criminals - smuggled alcohol + made their own moonshine
poor quality moonshine put lives at risk
poor enforcement - 5 states did not enforce, juries did not convict law breakers
249
Methods of KKK (4)
harmed their targets
used their influence to prevent teaching evolution
protested against politicians they disagreed with
boycotted businesses that disagreed with them
250
Why the PRC maintained its relationship with the USSR after 1949 (2)
USSR provided military advisors to CCP against GMD
USSR was leading communist country in capitalist world
251
Features of the "Red Guard" (6)
loyal to Mao
able to travel around China for free
wanted revenge on those who hurt them e.g teachers
wanted to prove themselves for the revolution
wanted to compensate for "bad-class" backgrounds
wanted to improve employment prospects by making connections with CCP members
252
Membership of KKK in 1920s (4)
membership increased quickly
allowed local leaders to keep 4$ from 10$ joining fee
1923 - KKK has 5 million members
members were mainly upper middle class (e.g small businessmen)
253
Political Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (4)
GMD government corrupt + unskilled
Chiang promised to implement Sun's 3 principles but did not happen
dictatorship favoured china's high class
GMD could not raise enough taxes to fund government + introduce effective reforms
254
Define "iron rice bowl"
Mao guaranteed workers wages regardless of output
255
Negative effects of 1935 Social Security Act (2)
self-funded - could not pay pension immediately + US economy took longer to recover
domestic servants + agricultural workers not included
256
Explain mass mobilisation of the people in Mao thought
people should all work towards CCP policy + keep CCP in check
257
How supreme court did not have enough power (2)
President appoints judges
can pass new laws + change constitution
258
Impact of the USA 1920s Immigration Policies (2)
reduced immigration - 280,000 in 1929
new enforcement measure + border patrol created
259
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (3)
attempted to increase price of farm products
offered subsidies to farmers that limited production
negative - still too many farm products from previous harvest stored for sale
260
Features of credit in USA (2)
customer payed for product over time
once cost paid off fully, product became theirs
261
Explain the "Red Guard" in the Cultural Revolution (2)
violent attacks on the 4 Olds
had official approval + directed by CCRG
262
How Father Coughlin challenged the New Deal (4)
initially supported New Deal but turned against it - believed influenced by Jews + communists
blamed Wall Street Financers + bankers (jews) for Great Depression
created National Union for Social Justice (1934) - wanted currency + banking reforms, nationalisation in parts of economy, fairer taxation
Second New Deal used some National Union for Social Justice ideas
263
Shortcomings of New Deal in Reform (2)
social security didnt help all
income inequality not reduced
264
CCP in Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 (4)
grown from 40,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945
guerrilla tactics against Japanese
peasant support - informed position of Japanese + provided food and shelter
propaganda - communists seemed more determined to defend China than GMD, claimed that CCP saved China
265
How the New Deal provided electricity (3)
TVA - built dams to generate electricity + lent money to companies to lay power cables
Electric Home and Farm Authority - encouraged appliance companies to make cheaper models + gave loans to farmers
1935 - Rural Electrification Administration took over electrification programmes
266
Habitants of the USA (4)
Old Immigrants - WASPs (White Anglo-Saxan Protestants)
New Immigrants - Eastern European, Asian
African Americans
Native Americans
267
The Gang of Four (2)
led by Qing (Mao's 4th wife)
dedicated maoists who were proponents of the Cultural Revolution
268
Impact of Cultural Revolution on religion (2)
religion seen as an "old"
claimed Confucianism prevented modernization of China
269
Rights of American Women in 1918
1917 - some states gave women right to vote
270
Reasons for TianAnMen protests (2)
1989 - Hu Yaobang dies of heart attack
students gathered in Tiananmen square to mourne his death
271
Moscow Conference between China and Russia (3)
1958
Deng accuses Soviets of sending spies to China disguised as advisers
increased Deng's political support + allowed him to survive during Cultural Revolution
272
Main ethnic groups in China (4)
Han (90%)
Manchu
Mongol
Tibetan
273
Reasons for the May the 4th Movement
Treaty of Versailles - German territories in China given to Japan instead of China
274
Formation of the Second United front (2)
1936
warlords pressured Chiang to work with communists to fight against Japan
275
Agricultural Producers Co-operatives (APCs) (4)
1952-1955
APC - large unit that included labour + equipement of 3-5 mutual aid tems
encouraged by Mao as he believed it was the most effective way of producing food
created demand for machinery which boosted industry + increased food production
276
Reasons for students' protests (4)
poor conditions students lived in + high prices caused by economic reform
accused government of giving better employment to families + friends
angered by gov. control over books and what they could study
wanted to end dictatorship of CCP
277
Deng's 4 modernisations
Agriculture
Industry
Science + Technology
Defense
278
The Palmer Raids (3)
Palmer created General Intelligence Division - ordered to spy, join, arrest radical groups
1919 - Union of Russian Workers members arrested
1920 - arrests on any group Hoover + Palmer believed was radical
279
The Four Noes Campaign (2)
campaign to get rid of pests that ate crops
disrupted food chain and caused insects to eat more crop
280
Consequences of Palmer Raids (3)
many deported + arrested
increased immigration restrictions
weakened trade unions
281
The Monkey Trial (3)
1925 - prosecution led by Bryan, defence led by Darrow
Darrow turned trial into debate of fundamentalist vs modernist ideas
Darrow challenged fundamentalist ideas while Bryan defended ideas
282
Tennessee Valley Authority (4)
set up to help states in south
provided work for southerners (build 20 dams)
provide electricity for remote farms
control flooding + improve soil productivity - farmers educated in new methods
283
Conflict between Mao and Kruschev (7)
1956 - Khruschev denounces Stalin's cult of personality - indirect attack to Mao's CUO
1958 - Moscow Conference
1959 - Khruschev calls Great Leap Forward foolish
1960 - Khruschev announces he will not send China any Nuclear Hardware
Mao angered by K's suggestion of Sino-Soviet venture in Pacific - believed that USSR wanted to spy on China
Mao believed K was a revisionist + China was the only true communist
1962 - Mao accuses K of cowardice during Cuban Missile Crisis
284
Impact of WW1 on American Agriculture (3)
global demand for agricultural goods
farmers began to use machines --> tractor sales increased
more farmers took out loans to expand farms
285
Positive effects of Wagner Act (2)
factory workers joined trade unions as well
membership rose to 9 million
286
Desired outcome of Reform aim of New Deal (2)
social security system
improvements in way banks + businesses run
287
Define the 3 Antis Campaign (3)
1951
targeted party members + bureaucrats
combated corruption, waste, inefficiency
288
Achievements of New Deal in reform (4)
social security for first time
trade union presence - maximum hours + minimum wages
farmers got electricity
banking system centralised + controlled
289
Conflict between Mao and Brezhnev (4)
1964 - Mao claimed Brezhnev was still on path of revisionism
1967 - Red Guards attack Soviet embassy
1969 - Lin accuses USSR leaders of being social facists
1969 - border disputes in Xinjiang
290
Features of Fundamentalist Protestants within USA (3)
believed bible was completely accurate
most influential in rural + small towns but had support in cities
had old-fashioned values
291
The Great Dust Bowl (5)
1930-1935
drought ruined crops
dust storms caused soil erosion
poor quality land for farming
chose to migrate west for employment
292
Re-organised Ku Klux Klan values (4)
white supremacy
WASPs were a superior race
should stop immigration - foreigners threatened power of WASPs
WASPs should have christian beliefs
293
Achievements of New Deal in Relief (3)
Social Security Act - provided unemployment insurance for first time
35% of population received relief
WPA created jobs
294
The Northern Expedition (5)
1926-1928
United front fought warlords + took control of China
Chiang drove warlord Zhang out of Beijing
Chiang declared the GMD the official Chinese government
moved capital from Beijing to Nanjing
295
Power of state government of USA (3)
education
local government
marriage laws
296
Causes of the growth in share value on wall street 1929 (4)
people were buying + selling shares --> increased demand + drove up prices
Americans had confidence in economy --> prepared to keep buying
bull pool - traders artifically increased prices by buying and selling to each other
relied on confidence of investors than success of business
297
Mutual Aid Team (5)
1950-1952
consisted of 10 or fewer households
peasants encouraged to share equipment + work to farm land
land still owned individually by peasants
40% of peasants in Mutual Aid Teams by end of 1952
298
Reason for Collectivisation
believed peasants were harming China by overeating instead of selling extra food to towns
299
How Roosevelt attempted to achieve his aims (4)
gain support - used radio to share message directly with Americans
used majority in congress to turn policies into law
used government money to create jobs
created agencies to organise recovery + relief
300
Impact of the Tiananmen Square protests (4)
showed Deng was against opposition + political reform
USSR announced it was saddened by events
USA introduced economic sanctions
Deng's government claimed it was a legitimate attack on counter-revolutionaries
301
Manchu of China (3)
ruled China
came from Manchuria
developed imperial system based on Confucius - people should accept their class in society + obey emperor
302
Explain problems in Europe as a cause of the Great Depression (3)
high tariffs on US goods
Germany attempted to become self-sufficient
UK set up trading agreement with own empire
303
Mandarins of China (2)
class which run government
students of Confucius
304
American Treatment of Black People in South 1920s (3)
segregated from white by Jim Crow Laws
risk of violence - lynching, harmed those they believed guilty of crime
not protected by gov. or police
305
Explain the PLA and the End of the Violence in the Cultural Revolution (3)
PLA concerned red guard would turn against them
1967 - Mao feared the RG's weakened China allowing foreign powers to take advantage + seize China
1968 - Mao orders PLA to destroy RGs : PLA killed many RG, encouraged young people to return to education
306
Sun Yatsen's 3 principles of the people (3)
National Freedom : remove foreigners + restore Chinese nationalism
The Democracy Principle : Chinese people control government through elections
People's Welfare : solve poverty by developing government-owned industries + protecting native industry from foreigners
307
Positive effects of Prohibition (4)
health of americans improved due to decreased alcohol consumption
deaths in liver disease fell to 10.7 per 100,000 in 1929
popular - 40% in favor
enforcement claimed to be effective
308
Mao's relationship with Stalin (3)
suspicious of Stalin - originally supported GMD + encouraged Mao to be content with control northern China
respected Stalin as a communist
wanted military + economic aid from USSR
309
Impact of the Hundred Flowers Campaign for the people (4)
Anti-Rightist campaign
critics labelled as rightist + forced to confess evil thoughts
sent to re-education camps up to 20 years
500,000 - 1,000,000 victims
310
Economic and Social Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (2)
inflation - Chiang printed money to fund government, losing support of middle class
no support from peasants
311
Impact of Sacco and Venzetti Trial (2)
protests around the world
immigrants united
312
Desired outcome of recovery aim of New Deal (3)
increased income for farmers + farm workers
increased industrial production
end to banking crisis
313
How Roosevelt's Second New Deal helped farmers (5)
wanted rural poor to have own farms
Resettlement Administration - resettle families from overworked land (only helped a few thousand)
Farm Security Administration replaced RA - gave loans of $1 billion to poor to help them buy farms + equipment
FSA set up camps to provide shelter for migrant workers + paid for doctors to help
AAA declared invalid 1936 - Second AAA limited production ( strict quotas + heavy taxes) allowing gov. to control production
314
National Origins Act (4)
1924
intended to reduce eastern + central european immigrants
only accepted 164,000 immigrants per year
each country could only send 2% of number of their people living in 1890 USA
315
How the Gang of Four eliminated their enemies (2)
Qing launches anti-Confucius campaign to attack Zhou Enlai + Deng Xiaoping - were afraid Zhou or Deng may become leader after Mao
1976 - Mao removes Deng from his posts after criticisms from the Go4
316
Agreements during Kruschev's first visit to China (4)
1954
promised to help China develop nuclear programme
pulled out of Manchuria
offered generous trade package
317
Events of 1911 Revolution (6)
young revolutionaries accidentally explode bomb in Hankou - caused start of revolt
soldiers in Wuhan start mutiny which spread to other provinces
Han soldiers oppose Manchu control + kill Manchu troops
Yuan shikai agrees to stop rebellion for government --> switches sides to support rebels when he reaches Wuhan
Yuan Shikai put as leader
returns to Beijing to form Han government
318
Impact of Racism in America for black people (4)
forced into unskilled labour due to lack of good education
most likely to lose their jobs
bad living conditions
restriction to voting - literacy tests
319
Opposition of Businesses and the Liberty League to New Deal (3)
Liberty League founded in 1934 - support from conservatives + businesses to oppose new deal (used leaflets, broadcasts)
business groups sponsored legal challenges to Alphabet Agencies
business groups campaigned agsint roosevelt - US Chamber of Commerce criticised 2nd New Deal in 1935
320
Development of the Guomindang (GMD) 1919 -1925 (3)
1912 - created by Sun to follow his 3 principles
1924 - Sun creates Whampoa Military Academy to train GMD soldiers and overthrow Warlords
1925 - Chiang replaces him when he dies of cancer
321
Politics for Chinese Women 1950s (3)
acceptance that women could hold minor political roles
first Minister of Health + first Minister of Justice were women
1949 - 69 women elected to Central People's Political Consultative Committee
322
Negative effects of Wagner Act (2)
unions had to strike to be recognised by companies
strikes could be violent
323
What happened during the Antis Campaigns (3)
mass meetings - loyal citizens denounced officials + employers who were guilty
denounced made public confessions --> punished by fine or labour camp
2-3 million commited sucide from humiliation
324
How President did not have too much power in American politics (2)
Supreme Court can say actions are unconstitutional
Congress can reject appointments, overturn veto, withhold taxes
325
Problems with the APCs (3)
richer peasants bought large sections of land + hired labour
communist officials forced peasants into APCs to combat this capitalism
peasant resistance - kill their products (animals, crops) than handing them to APC
326
Sino-Soviet Split 1960 (3)
1960 - Khrushchev takes back USSR advisors
cancelled 200 projects
destroyed documents relating to nuclear energy
327
Explain over-production as a cause of the great depression
industries producing goods but demand decreased --> prices fell
328
Chinese Warlord Era 1916-1927 (2)
conflict between generals (warlords) over control of China after Yuan's death
rulers of their own provinces
329
USA boom cycle (6)
increased demand for goods
increased production of goods using mass production
increased investment through stock
increased employment
increased wages
advertisement encouraged consumption
330
Negatives of Long March (3)
small number of communists survived
Chiang's control of China seemed secure
no certainty that Yanan Soviet would survive
331
Explain mass mobilisation + young people in the Cultural Revolution (2)
1966 - "Bombard the Headquarters" Campaign : encouraged young to attack revisionists in CCP + regard rebellion as a force of good
332
Deng Xiaoping's rise to power (2)
1976-1978 : Deng secures military support + develops role within party
1978 - position of leader confirmed
333
How businesses and the Liberty League were unsuccessful in stopping New Deal (3)
limited success - only 150,000 members
unpopular - Republican party told them to stay out of 1936 election (believed they would damage their campaign)
harder to get Supreme Court to challenge FDR
334
Improvements in jobs for American women 1920s (2)
2 million women joined workforce
had access to different types of jobs
335
Civil Works Administration (2)
provided work on short-term projects (road building)
had budget of $400 million
336
Roosevelt's main aims to be achieved in New Deal (3)
Recovery
Relief
Reform
337
The Great Leap Forward (5)
1958-1962
infrastructure built
CCP owned all businesses allowing CCP to control what was produced
furnaces set in backyards to produce steel
collectivisation supplied food for workers
338
Economic changes for Chinese Women 1950s (4)
property rights did not last long
wife-selling during famine
literacy rose
proportion of women in workforce increased from 8% to 29%
339
Reasons for the Second New Deal (3)
national income still low
unemployment still high
1934 - politicians wanted reform + Supreme Court shut down some agencies (unconstitutional)
340
Reasons for Deng's Rise to power as CCP head (5)
had much support in party + military
organised Great Famine recovery
helped to plan program of industrial development
helped with China's foreign policy
removed from posts but not expelled from party
341
Threats to Mao's rule 1951 (3)
GMD supporters --> sent to re-education camps
Large population --> forced people to register within their regions + obtain permission to move
Intellectuals educated abroad --> Thought Reform Campaign
