IGCSE History Flashcards
Georges Clemenceau (France) opinion on Germany (2)
wanted to weaken german forces
make germany pay for destruction
Hitler 1921
became party leader
Night of the Long Knives June 1934 (5)
SS arrested 200 SA (90 casualties)
taken to Munich to be executed
revenge on old enemies (von Kahr + Schleicher)
removed possible Nazi leadership rival (Gregor Strasser)
Hitler claimed he defended Germany against a plot by Rohm
Date of Spartacist Uprising in Berlin
January 5 1919
Impact of Hungarian uprising (5)
1956
strengthened Khrushchev’s hold over eastern countries in Warsaw Pact
Khrushchev became more confidence in dealing with the US because he knew they would not take military action
Allies looked bad - encouraged communist countries to rebel against USSR though they could not back up their words with military support
damaged relations - US strongly opposed the Soviet invasion of Hungary
Why solution to Kapp Putsch worked
city unable to function due to strikes - no gas,water,electricity
Tension with the USSR and the Allies 1938 Czechoslovakia (3)
Allies allowed Czechoslovakia to be given to Germany without consulting Stalin
Czechoslovakia was close to USSR borders
Stalin believed allies wanted USSR destroyed
Impact of Vienna Conference (2)
worsened relations
Kennedy increased military spending by over 2 billion USD
Reason for Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
prevent spread of nuclear weapons
Poland under Soviet occupation (4)
1944 - poles rebel against german occupation in Warsaw Uprising
Red army invades poland after uprising is crushed
intimidate voters into voting for communism
poland gets communist government
When did the French agree to leave the Rhineland
June 1930
Ping-Pong Diplomacy (3)
friendly contact between Chinese and American table tennis teams during World Table Tennis Championships
american team invited to play in China
US secretary of state met with Chinese Prime Minister later and established good relations
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
felt that USSR was threat to freedom + world peace
Strengths of article 48
could quickly resolve emergencies
Why Truman did not want South Korea to become communist
feared that if SK became communist there would be a domino effect and other countries near it would become communist
Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) (2)
organisation of southeast asian countries with UK + France
intended to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia
Main events of Munich Putsch 8/11 November 1923 (4)
Hitler + SA storm beer hall
Hitler forced Kahr + Lossow to march to Berlin and install Ludendorff as Germany’s new leader
SA used violence against the Bavarian state government members
Kahr + Lossow swear loyalty to the Putsch and leave beer hall
David Lloyd George opinion on Germany (2)
wanted to avoid future war with germany
wanted to punish germany
National Labour Service (RAD) (2)
organised unemployed men to do manual work (building projects)
Hitler believed it would instill discipling + value of hard work
Result of terrirotial terms of treaty of versailles (3)
lost 13% of european terriotry
lost almost 50% of iron reserves
lost 15% of coal reserves
Czechoslovakian life under Communist rule (4)
economy for the USSR –> fewer consumer goods for the people
no freedom of speech (censoring of newspapers, TV, radio)
Czech government carried out purges against communist opponents
protests against low standard of living + lack of freedom
Description of german people in Weimar Constitution
above age 20 can vote
March 1933 Election (3)
Hitler called election for new Reichstag
Nazis were largest party but did not have majority - measures could be voted down by other parties
wanted to have 2/3 of Reichstag seats - would have total control
Government solution to Spartacist Uprising
Freikorps - former German soldiers who hated communism
Result of Berlin Airlift (2)
1949 - USSR lifts blockade
west made Stalin look foolish + aggressive
Strengths of democracy in Weimar Constitution
right to vote in elections
Role of Concentration camps in Nazi Terror (3)
anyone who opposed Nazis sent to concentration camps
prisoners treated harshly - forced to work + tortured
over 200,000 imprisoned
Comecon (5)
1949
economic organisation
aimed to support economic development in members
discouraged trade with west
did not allow members to accept Marshall Aid
When did the USA send Charles Dawes
1923
Social Impact of Berlin Wall in Berlin (3)
numerous escape attempts (over 130 people killed)
Berliners separated from their friends/families on other side
people who worked on opposite sides of Wall had to give up their jobs as they could not travel to the other side
Negatives of SALT 1 (2)
unrealistic that nuclear war would be avoided due to treaties
treaty did not cover latest technological developments
Allied bombing 1940-1944 (4)
1940 - RAF bombed German cities (military + industrial targets)
1942 - bombed civilian areas to lower German morale
1943 - 43 German cities bombed
1944 - bombed strategic targets (railway lines, bridges)
Operation Barbarossa (4)
1941
germans invaded USSR and threatened Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev by November
german advance stopped due to winter
Soviet scorched earth policy caused Germans to retreat (2 million germans died in operation)
Effects of SA (3)
conflict with communists
impressed many people
showed Hitler’s power
Dubcek’s beliefs (3) 1968
communism correct but should not make life miserable
citizens should be able to express their opinions
committed to Warsaw Pact
Hiter’s role/achievements for the Nazi Party in 1920-1922 (5)
talented speaker - attracted more members
developed friendships with powerful Germans
used party newspaper to spread views
appealed to critics of Weimar
surrounded himself with loyal individuals
Paris Summit (3)
1960
USSR walks out of talks due to U2 incident - no decisions made
Eisenhower refuses to apologise
Nazi policies against Jews 1935 (4)
banned from public places
banned from army
Reich Law for Protection of German Blood and Honour : Jews could not marry Aryans, Aryans who did not divorce would be considered Jews
Reich Law on Citizenship : Jews were not citizens (could not vote or hold German passport)
Why the US wanted Detente (3)
military might would not always allow it to do accomplish its aims
would allow US to spend less money on weapons + deal with its social issues (civil rights)
Nixon wanted to reduce tension with USSR + establish relations with China (becoming too powerful)
Nazi government methods for encouraging women to stay at home and have babies (5)
propaganda campaign to encourage women to have more children
medals awarded to women with large families
German Women’s Enterprise Organisation trained women in household skills
1933 Law for Encouragement of Marriage : provided loans to young couples for marriage only if the women gave up work
contraception + abortion banned
Non-territorial terms of treaty of versailles (5)
war guilt clause (article 231) - germany had to accept blame for starting war
had to pay reparations of 136 billion marks to allies
League of Nations formed but Germany not included
No anchluss (reunuion) with Austria allowed
baltic states given independence
Role of SS in Nazi Terror (3)
SS arrested political opponents
SS harmed anyone against Hitler
ran concentration camps in Germany
Bizonia (2)
1947
combined german zones of US + UK
Hitler in 1920 (4)
put in charge of propaganda for German Workers’ Party
Hitler + Drexler rewrote party aims as 25 Point Programme
party renamed to National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party)
helped to increase membership
U-2 Incident (3)
1960
USSR shoot down American U-2 spy plane over the USSR
USA claimed it was a weather airplane blown off course but the USSR had interrogated the pilot
How Hitler eliminated the local government 1933-1934 (4)
1933 - closed down Germany’s 18 separate state parliaments
reorganised parliaments so that Nazis held majority in each parliament
appointed Nazi state governors to make laws
1934 - abolished state parliaments altogether
Vienna Conference (3)
1961
Khrushchev renewed Berlin Ultimatum 1958
no final decision on Berlin
Reasons for deteriorating relations between the USSR and the USA (3)
different ideologies - fear that both would spread their beliefs
no longer working together against Hitler - relationship returned to before
military rivalry/power imbalance
Why the west decided not to provide support during the Hungarian Uprising 1956 (2)
military aid could start a war
would go against US policy of containment
Result of Kapp Putsch (2)
showed government had little military power - could not oppose Freikorps
also showed that majority of people preferred government over Kapp
NATO (3)
1949
created by western allies
all NATO members would come to assistance o a NATO member if it was attacked
Weimar and the League of Nations 1926 (2)
Stresemann persuaded other countries to allow Germany in the LoN
Germany placed on LoN Council - members of this council made the most important decisions
How did German government respond to allied bombing (2)
set up welfare organizations - provided food + find accommodation for people whose homes were destroyed
spread propaganda to reduce impact of bombing
Initial views of the German Workers’ Party (5)
democracy was weak
powerful leader needed to rebuild Germany’s strength
Jews caused Germany to be weak
Communists + Socialists caused the fall of the Kaiser
socialist Weimar politicians betrayed Germany by signing the Treaty of Versailles
Geneva Summit (3)
1959
both sides made proposals for how Berlin should be governed, but no agreement reached
Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to US for more talks
Khrushchev approach to Kennedy 1961
believed he had advantage over him as Kennedy was inexperienced
Destalinisation effect on Poland 1956
polish leader introduced moderate reforms
How Spartacist Uprising ended
Leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed along with other members by Freikorps
Ideology differences with USSR and USA : social structure (2)
USSR : everyone equal
USA : some people have more power than others
Nazi use of Terror for control (2)
people suspected of opposition sent to prison or concentration camps
German law became Nazi ideology - Germans could be arrested without trial
How Eisenhower reacted to USSR relations with Cuba (2)
1960 - Eisenhower reduces amount of sugar bought from Cuba, eventually bans trade with them
1961 - US breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
How work for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)
removed from paid employment –> encouraged women into domestic roles
women encouraged to return to work later
Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963 (3)
agree not to carry out nuclear test explosions outside of country borders
concerned for contaminating environment
signed by US, UK, USSR (113 countries signed later)
Main purpose of Nazi economic plan (2)
make Germany self-sufficient
would not have to rely on other countries
Date when Kaiser goes to exile in Holland
9 November 1918
Impact of Korean War on USA and USSR tensions 1950-1955 (4)
USA defense budget tripled
USSR increased size of its armed forces
1955 - West Germany joins NATO, USSR responds with Warsaw Pact
southeast asian countries along with UK + France join together in SEATO
German youth movements 1926 - 1939 (5)
Youth groups existed in Germany before Nazis
1926 - Nazi found Hitler youth
1933 - Nazi ban all other youth groups (other than Catholic Church)
1936 - Hitler Youth Law passed : young people had to belong to Nazi youth
1939 - Hitler Youth Law becomes stricter
Effects of the Great Depression on the Weimar Republic (5)
SDP + Centre party fell out (2 main parties in coalition government)
Bruning from Centre Party becomes Chancellor
Hindenburg used Article 48 - Germany not run as democracy
Bruning introduced unpopular measures (tax increases + reduced unemployment benefits)
Germans turned to extreme parties
When did Stresemann become chancellor
1923
German Labour Front (DAF) (3)
ensured the efficient running of industry
wanted more work with less pay
ran 2 programmes : “Strength Through Joy” + “Beauty of Labour”
Tensions between the USSR and the Allie during WW2 (3)
Allies feared Stalin wanted to install communism in East European countries germany conquered
Stalin feared that allies wanted the USSR and Germany to destroy each other
Americans dropped atomic bombs on Japan to intimidate Stalin
Role of poster propaganda for Nazis (2)
advertised Nazi view
portrayal of powerful Hitler
Impact of Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine on international relations (4)
Stalin believed USA was trying to destroy USSR
USA was in direct opposition to USSR
Europe divided into 2 political groups
start of cold war
Yugoslavia + Albania under Soviet occupation (2)
not occupied by Soviet Red Army
more independence than other countries
Reasons for the creation of NATO 1949 (2)
western powers believed they needed a military alliance to protect themselves from the USSR
wanted to show Stalin that they were against communism
Effects of Dawes Plan (3)
Germany received more than 25 billion marks over 6 years
doubled industrial output between 1923-1929
living standards rose
Edelweiss Pirate activities as war progressed (5)
escaped prisoners from concentration camps
gave shelter to army deserters
stole food + supplies from stores and trains
derailed trains with ammunition
supplied resistance groups with explosives
Impact of the Arms Race
deterrent for war - unwilling to go to war due to destructive power
Impact of Bay of Pigs Invasion (3)
looked as if the US was trying to influence an independent country
USSR pointed out that people were happy under Castro - showed popularity for communism
improved relations - Khrushchev would provide arms to Cuba
Why was the government not able to stop the Kapp Putsch
Army did not stop Freikorps - felt sympathy for them
Ruhr Crisis casualties
over 100 German civilians killed
Effects of the Kellogg Briand Pact (4)
showed that Germany was more inclusive in negotiations
showed that Weimar republic was respected state
German public had more confidence
some germans did not like as it did not end the Treaty of Versailles
When was the new currency (the Rentenmark) introduced
November 1923
The Swing Youth (3)
middle-class germans who wanted to listen to American and British “swing music” + jazz
started in major German towns
leading members of movement arrested + placed in concentration camps
How appearance for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)
expected to wear traditional dress
discouraged make-up
Hitler in 1919
worked for army to monitor extremist political groups
Why the USSR wanted Detente (3)
hoped that US might allow Soviet control over Eastern Europe
Vietnam War - US might welcome more co-operation + less tension
economic problems - weapon spending, falling behind in technology
International reactions to Soviet invasion of Hungary
no military support offered
Reasons for Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 (3)
Dubcek reforms offered dangerous freedom
Warsaw Pact members may want same rights - USSR would seem unable to control them
Brezhnev knew West would not help Czechoslovakia
Weaknesses of Proportional Representation (4)
weak government
parties had to form coalitions to gain majority
slow decision-making - parties rarely agreed
allowed radical parties
Berlin Ultimatum (4)
1958
Berlin should be demilitarized + western troops withdrawn
Berlin should become free city (city with its own government)
West given 6 months before Khrushchev would hand over control of transport to the East German goverment
Role of News Propaganda for Nazis (2)
newspapers presented positive Nazis messages/stories
Ministry of Propaganda ordered newspapers what to publish
Reasons for the Soviet invasion of Hungary
if Hungary broke away from the Warsaw Pact other Eastern European countries might follow
French response to passive resistance in Ruhr crisis
brought own workers
Negative Impact of Berlin Wall on USA (2)
USSR closed border without consulting USA
people who wanted to escape communism could no longer do so
Tension with the USSR and the Allies before WW2 (3)
Allies angry that Russia (Bolsheviks) had left WW1
Allies disapproved of Bolshevik ideals
Allies supported Bolshevik opponents but failed - Bolsheviks knew West wanted them gone
How Hitler managed to pass the Enabling Act 1933 (4)
used emergency powers to ban Communist Party from Reichstag
won support from Nationalists as their beliefs were similar
won support from Centre Party by promising to protect the Catholic Church
SA + SS intimidated Reichstag members
What Spartacists did during the uprising (3)
occupied government newspaper headquarters
occupied telephone offices
attempted to bring general strike
Cuban Revolution (2)
1959
revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro overthrow leader of pro-American government of Cuba
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (4)
Khrushchev wanted NATO missiles in turkey removed
Khrushchev wanted America to feel under threat
Khrushchev wanted to restore reputation from Berlin Wall failure
Khrushchev may have feared another attack on Cuba
The Warsaw Pact (3)
1955
communist defensive military alliance of soviet puppets
led by USSR
Role of SA in gaining supporters 1930-1932 (3)
1930 - 400,000 members helped Nazis appear strong
disrupted meetings of political opponents
used intimidation to influence voters
Strength Through Joy (KDF)
attempted to incentivize workers with rewards (holidays) to boost productivity
Role of radio propaganda for Nazis (3)
radios broadcasted Hitler speech
radios broadcast plays + entertainment with Nazi messages
1939 - 70% of German households had a radio
Outer Space Treaty 1967 (4)
exploration of outer space carried out for benefit of all countries
countries should not place weapons of mass destruction in space
moon + other celestial bodies used for peaceful purposes
countries responsible for damage caused by space objects
Description of the Locarno Pact (3)
germany admit that Alsace and Lorraine belong to France
setttled western + eastern borders peacefully
countries in pact agreed to avoid military contact other than for defense
How the Nazis kept the killing of Jews secret (2)
propaganda films showed the camps to be just labour camps + showed good living conditions
Nazis dug up railway lines + destroyed records when they were losing
Strength of president in Weimar Constitution
could protect country in times of crisis
Description of state governments in Weimar Constitution (3)
own government within country regions
limited in power
can be overruled by national government
Key messages of Nazi Propaganda (4)
Aryan race = superior, other races + Jews = inferior
Nazis working hard to deal with evils of communism
men and women had different roles + importance of family
citizens had to suffer for the good of the nation
Impact of Berlin Ultimatum (2)
West angered - believed the USSR wanted to extend communism
USSR felt it was essential to stop the Berlin Refugee Problem + stop western-controlled areas in East Germany
Reasons why the US + USSR wanted peaceful co-existence (3)
both were spending large sums on military - not good for economies
end of Korean war where the US and the USSR supported different sides
clear borders defined
Nazi Death Squads (Einsatzgruppen) 1941 (2)
followed german army into USSR
rounded up jews and shot or gassed them
Positive effects of hyperinflation (3)
loans payed off quickly - value of loans fell
farmers could sell goods at higher price
landowners could sell land at higher prices
When was the Locarno Pact
1925
Government solution to Ruhr Crisis (2)
passive resistance
workers go on strike, stopped producing goods
Hitler belief on the youth (2)
easy to influence and control
ensure that next generation would be Nazis
Problems with Nazi policies towards women
need for more workers –> rearmament policy increased + more men joined army
Tehran Conference (6)
1943
USA + Britain would open Western front against Germany to ease pressure on Eastern front
Stalin would declare war against Japan once Europe war was over
no formal agreement on Germany - complete surrender of Germany + germany would remain weak, some land given to Poland
USSR could keep its land it seized from Poland
agreement that international body to be set up to settle disputes through negotiation
Strengths of states’ rights
democracy - more freedom for german people
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 (2)
Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to little opposition (Brezhnev ordered Czech army to stay in barracks)
Dubcek arrested and ordered to change reforms then sent back to Prague (later removed from office)
Impact of SALT 1
showed that USSR + USA willing to reach agreement + establish better relations
Reasons for Marshall Plan 1947 (2)
stop communism from taking over Western Europe
establish relations with West Europe
Reasons for Kristallnacht - Night of Broken Glass 9-10 November 1938 (2)
German official in Paris Embassy murdered by a jewish man
gave Nazis excuse to harm jews
Soviet Reaction to Prague spring (3)
Brezhnev asked Dubcek not to endanger communism in Czechoslovakia with reforms
ordered Warsaw Pact troops to carry out manoeuvres in Czechoslovakia to threaten Dubcek
decided to act when Dubcek invited yugoslavia + romania to Prague for talks
When was the Dawes Plan
1924
The Truman Doctrine (3)
1947
communism should be contained
prepared to send support (not military) to any country threatened by Communist takeover
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
peace being maintained due to fear of destruction of war
Negative effects of hyperinflation (3)
millions in poverty
savings wiped out
wages rose according to inflation rate but were slower
Reasons for the formation of Comecon + Cominform (2)
did not want USA to become powerful in Eastern Europe
did not want communist states to become capitalist
Kennedy’s approach to USSR (2) 1961
build up US military
resolve difficulties with USSR through talks
1932 Elections for Hitler (3)
biggest party in Reichstag (230 seats)
loses to Hindenburg
still becomes major political figure
Marshall Plan (2)
1947
provided economic aid to Western European countries ($13 billion)
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 1950 (2)
USSR provide 300 million USD
USSR military assistance provided to China if attacked
Reasons for the Berlin Wall 1961
more East Germans moved to west, in case Khrushchev would close border (40,000 East Germans moved in one day)
Stresseman’s beliefs (3)
improved relations with Allies vital for German survival
believed he could negotiate better terms
german economy improved = pay reparations = allow Allies to pay loans
Impact of Tehran Conference (3)
Stalin pleased - agreement to open western front
Churchill less pleased - wanted a front on the Balkans
slight tension with USA + UK - Roosevelt viewed British colonialism as more of a threat
How Hitler increased supporters for March 1933 Election (6)
Goering replaced police officers with Nazis
Communist party members arrested
lots of propaganda - newspapers which di not support Nazis closed
threatened voters to vote for Nazis
SA intimidated opponents + broke up meetings by opposition parties
secured funds from industrialists
Communism after the Great Depression (2)
more popular
told German people to stand up to businesses + create fairer society
Tensions with the USSR and the Allies Nazi-Soviet Pact (3) 1939
Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact and split Poland
allies felt betrayed
Stalin believed allies had no interest in helping the USSR due to the delay of the second front
Ideology differences with USSR and USA : politics (2)
USSR : single-party rule
USA : elections with choice of parties
Nazi unemployment measures (5)
doubled spending on public infrastructure (e.g autobahns/motorways) to create jobs for construction
rearmament - created jobs in factories + related industries (coal mining, steel production)
increased German army created jobs
paid private companies to create jobs (e.g car industry)
1939 - unemployment reduced to half a million
How Hitler eliminated other political parties 1933 (3)
May 1933 - Social Democrats (SDP) dissolved + Nazis occupied their offices and took their funds
End of May 1933 - did same to Communist Party
July 1933 - Hitler created new law which bans all political parties other than the Nazis
Why USSR enraged at the creation of the Deutschmark (3)
1948
new Trizonia currency created separate economic unit from East
accepted that there were 2 Germanys
Why West decided to do the Berlin Airlift (2)
forcing supplies by land may lead to war
if stalin decided to shoot airplanes, he would be the aggressor
Creation of West Germany (4)
1949
allies combine their zones together as Federal Republic of Germany
Germans given democracy
West controlled Berlin continues as West Berlin
Baltic States under Soviet occupations (2)
conquered by USSR in 1940
treated as part of USSR
Problems with the Nazi’s Economic plans (3)
government spending > government income (debt > 40 billion marks by 1939)
germany still imported more than it exported
average consumption of food dropped between 1937 - 1939
How politics for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)
no role in politics
women should focus on home + family
Hitler youth for girls
taught crafts + childcare to prepare for motherhood
Strengths of chancellor in weimar constitution
distributes power of president
Hyperinflation statistics (2)
1923 : 300 paper mills, 200 printing shops
November 1923 : 4.2 billion marks = 1 dollar, 201 billion marks to buy loaf of bread
Reasons for the Night of the Long Knives June 1934 (6)
SA becoming powerful - over 2 million members in 1934, Rohm was potential rival to Hitler
Heinrich Himmler (SS head) resented the SA
SA members = crude –> harmed Hitler’s reputation –> lost support of conservative Germans
Rohm had different views to Hitler (more socialist)
SA affected Nazi relationship with army - Hitler wanted to rearm Germany
Rohm was homosexual –> bad influence
Effects of Ruhr Crisis (2)
temporary popularity for government - resisted allies, united germany against allies
German government forced to print money to pay striking workers
Role of SA (2)
disrupt meetings of opposing parties
control crowds at Nazi meetings
Cominform (4)
1947
political organisation of communist countries in europe
allowed Stalin to control his puppet countries - ended opposition to Moscow + ensured loyalty of East European governments
spread propaganda against USA
Nazi “New Plan” Economic Policy 1934 (4)
reduced imports + unemployment
trade agreements with countries to guarantee German supply of raw materials
started projects to create work (road building)
successful
How did the west look at Germany (2)
wanted to build up German economy
hoped that germany could be a trading partner + resist communism
How Kapp Putsch ended (2)
Kapp realized he didn’t have enough support and fled to Sweden
Freikorps disbanded
German evacuation during the war (2) 1942
evacuated children into rural areas due to allied bombing
placed into camps managed by Hitler Youth teachers
Total war meaning
all country’s resources used to win a war
Define the SA (4)
paramilitary force
wore brown shirts
provided with uniforms, meals, accommodation
many members were unruly + difficult to control
Effect of Germany joining the League of Nations (3)
increased confidence in Weimar Government
positive for moderate political parties that supported diplomacy
anger - some Germans saw the League of Nations as a symbol of the Treaty of Versailles
Industrial/Business support for Hitler 1930-1932 (2)
willing to support Hitler - wanted to stop rise of communism
provided financial aid
What was the value of the Rentenmark based on (2)
industrial worth
agricultural worth
Hitler youth (5)
learned about Hitler + how he saved Germany
performed military drills
taught about importance of competition + racial purity
activities made fun to attract membership
encouraged members to report anyone believed disloyal to Nazis
What happened during the Kapp Putsch (3)
Freikorps revolted
marched into Berlin
declared Wolfgang Kapp as leader
Differences with the Potsdam Conference and the others (4)
Roosevelt replaced by Truman
Churchill replaced by Attlee
US developed atomic bomb
UN created
Opposition to Young Plan (2)
nationalists opposed to paying reparations and working with Allies
British public hated Germans
Effects of war on German people (3)
food shortages - allies imposed naval blockade, low domestic production
protests in Germany
anger towards Kaiser
Peaceful co-existence
living side-by-side in peace
Date when armistice signed
11 November 1918
Weaknesses of democracy in Weimar Constitution
people able to vote for parties against democracy + radical parties
Fall of Bruning 1932 (3)
army general Kurt von Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Bruning as chancellor
replaced Bruning with coalition of industrialists, army officers, landowners
put Franz von Papen as head of coalition
Creation of East Germany (3)
1949
Stalin created the German Democratic Republic
only communist bloc countries recognised it as a nation
The Berlin Airlift 1948
West flew supplies into Berlin (1000 tonnes per day) to overcome the Berlin Blockade
“Stab in the Back” theory (3)
german army members claimed germany was close to victory and surrender was unnecessary
many germans chose to believe - did not want to admit germany had lost the war
politicians that signed armistice seen as traitors
German public opinions on Hitler 1933 (3)
some were pleased that Weimar limited Hitler’s power
some hoped Hitler would destroy Weimar
some politicians hoped they could use Hitler to destroy Weimar then replace him with a leader they wanted
Weaknesses of chancellor in Weimar Constitution
chancellor and president could both work together gaining more power
The Berlin Wall (3)
1961
Khrushchev orders East German leader to close border between East and West Berlin
barbed fence would eventually turn into concrete wall
Limits to Hitler’s power as chancellor (1933) (4)
limited power to make laws
Hindenburg kept all presidential power
only 1/3 of Reichstag were Nazis
only 2/12 of Hitler’s cabinet were Nazis
Hitler becoming Fuhrer (5)
1934
Hindenburg dies
Hitler combined chancellor + president and declared himself Fuhrer
army oath made to Hitler directly rather than Germany
held vote to get public to agree to him becoming Fuhrer (won 90%)
Ideology differences with USSR and USA : Economy (2)
USSR : state-owned firms
USA : private ownership
Effect of Great Depression on young people
unemployed
The White Rose Group (4)
criticized treatment of Jews
campaigned against the war
painted anti-nazi messages on buildings
leaders caught + executed
The Prague Spring reforms (5)
1968
censorship relaxed - criticism of government allowed
more power given to Czech regional governments
increased trade with West
multi-party election discussed but not implemented until later
USA involvement in Greece + Turkey
provided $400 million + military support to capitalist side
Reality of Nazi Economic Growth (4)
women + Jews not included in Nazi unemployment
temporary employment (farmers) counted as full employment
National Labour Service (RAD) - unemployed men who joined RAD no longer counted as unemployed + their work created impression that Germany was strong
do not tell how life was like for working Germans
Weimar Constitution Key Parts (6)
- President
- Chancellor
- Reichstag
- German people
- State Government
- Article 48
Description of the Spartacist League
Germany’s communist party
Consequences of the Enabling Act 1933 (4)
end of weimar constitution/democracy
Hitler could pass any law he wanted without Reichstag approval
Reichstag met only 12 times under Hitler
used act to remove opposition
Define the Ruhr Crisis January 1923 (2)
French and Belgian troops march into Ruhr
decide to take industrial products as payment instead of reparations
Purpose of Outer Space Treaty (2)
stopped arms race spreading into space
showed that no one could own the moon
Military terms of treaty of versailles (4)
no tanks
100,000 men
no submarines
no air force
Why Germans expected Allies to not be harsh on the treaty of versailles (4)
germans believed they had been forced into war and were not to blame
believed allies would give new German government stability
Kaiser fled = allies will not blame new government
believed treaty of versailles would be based on wilson 14 points
Define the Reichsmark (2)
replaced Rentenmark as permanent currency
restored faith in German economy
Czechoslovakia under Soviet occupation (2)
coalition within country tried to restore democracy
1948 - communist group overthrew president and set up a government
Hitler views on Catholic Church
wanted to weaken power of Catholic Church
Government solution to Kapp Putsch (2)
moved government out of Berlin
encouraged people to strike
Nazis Economic plans/policy (2)
New Plan
Four Year Plan
Causes of Munich Putsch/Beer Putsch November 1923 (5)
anger towards Weimar republic –> Nazi party gained lots of support
Leaders of the Bavarian state government against Weimar –> Hitler knew he would have support
Hyperinflation + Ruhr crisis –> Hitler saw an opportunity
Hitler used similar approach to Mussolini to take control
Hitler believed Nazis were ready to seize power –> believed Ludendorff could persuade the army to support the Nazis
German rationing during the war 1939 (4)
shortages of goods (food, toilet paper, tobacco)
food stamps issued to civilians
beginning of the war - goods shipped from occupied countries to solve shortages, eventually rationed later
food shortages + starvation towards the end of the war
Description of young plan (3)
total reparations reduced to $8 billion
germany required to pay 1/3 of annual sum
did not exist due to 1929 wall street crash - USA wanted loans back
Why the Young Plan failed (2)
1929 Wall Street Crash –> USA recalls German loans
German Financial Crisis - government did not have money to pay back loans, unemployment + business shutting down
Why many East Germans chose to leave to West Germany (3)
West Germany had higher standard of living
West germany had more freedom (speech, actions)
USSR would send army to restore order to any riots
Effects of Great Depression on Farmers
falling prices for goods
Main events of 9/11 November Munich Putsch 1923 (5)
Ebert declares state of emergency + tells Lossow to stop uprising
Kahr + Lossow announce opposition to putsch
Ludendorff believed soldiers would be supportive + persuaded Hitler not to give up
2000 Nazis march into Munich aiming to take control
police + soldiers confront Nazis –> fire exchanged (14 Nazis killed)
German economic problems that lead to Ruhr crisis (4)
1918 - germany close to bankruptcy
allies did not reduce reparations as they needed to pay america for loans during war
german income generating areas taken (Silesia and Saar)
late 1922 - missed 2 payments
Beauty of Labour (SDA)
improve working conditions (leisuire, food)
Hitler becoming chancellor (1932-1933) (4)
Hindenburg refused businessmen’s requests to make Hitler chancellor - chose von Schleicher instead
von Schleicher asked Hindenburg to suspend constitution + make him head of military dictatorship - claimed that Hitler + von Papen were trying to lead conspiracy against him
von Schleicher request was leaked and lost Reichstag support
von Papen persuades Hindenburg to make Hitler chancellor
Positive Impact of Berlin Wall on USA (2)
wall showed that Khrushchev was forced to accept Western control in West Berlin
west Berlin became symbol of freedom against communism
Hitler measures against the Catholic Church 1933-1937 (5)
catholic newspapers censored
Catholic church schools closed + turned into community schools
Gestapo + SS spied on Church organisations
Catholic priests against Nazis arrested
Catholic League (youth group) membership made illegal
Effects of Great Depression on Factory workers (2)
unemployed + reduced unemployment benefits
high foot prices = could not afford to eat
Origins of SA in 1921 (3)
set up by Hitler
Ernst Rohm became leader
Hitler demanded their complete obedience to him
Groups the Nazi Party appealed to in 1921 (4)
vague to appeal to different groups
nationalists - wanted to destroy treat of versailles
people who wanted to blame someone for German defeat - attracted by the party’s anti-seminitism
middle-class + businesses liked Hitler’s anti-communist ideas
Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis (2)
1963 - direct communications line set between Washington + Moscow (hotline)
1969 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed
Berlin Blockade (4)
1948
Stalin shut off land routes into Berlin
Trizonia unable to communicate with Berlin
people of Berlin would have shortages of food
Description of article 48 in Weimar Constitution
president has power to pass law without Reichstag approval in emergency
Lebensraum meaning
land which Nazis believed was needed as space for the Aryans
The Thirteen Days 1962 24-28 October (4)
Khrushchev sends Kennedy telegram offering to remove Cuban missiles if Americans agree to not invade
sends another telegram saying missiles would only be removed if missiles in Turkey also removed
U-2 spy plane over Cuba shot
Kennedy agrees to first telegram - end of crisis
Nazi policies against jews 1933 (2)
boycott of jewish businesses
jews banned from government employment, medicine, teaching, journalism
When was the Reichsbank created
1924
Ghettoisation Nazi Policy (2)
Jews forced to move to ghettos in poland
relocated in 1942 to camps for “final solution”
Weaknesses of states’ rights
states could oppose government
Measures for Germany’s “Total War” (3)
proffesional sports teams + places of entertainment shut down
postal services reduced to save fuel
Volkssturm (Home Guard) - help protect Germany from invasion
Berlin Refugee Problem 1958 (3)
East Germans moved to West Germany (3 million moved by 1958)
“brain drain” - skilled workers left, ruining East German economy
propaganda defeat for communism - showed people preferred West
American relationship with Cuba before Revolution (2)
lots of land/infrastructure in Cuba owned by Americans
US was customer for Cuba’s export of sugar
How did the USSR look at Germany
wanted to take as much material from Germany to rebuild the USSR
The July Bomb Plot 1944 (4)
von Stauffenberg took a bomb in a briefcase into a meeting with Hitler
then left the meeting
one of army leaders moved briefcase so Hitler survived though 4 people died
leaders executed
Key points of the Dawes Plan (5)
USA loaned Germany 800 million gold marks
Reparations lowered to 1 billion marks for first 5 years, after increased to 2.5 billion marks
French agreed to withdraw troops from Ruhr
Allies given some control over Reichsbank and railways
Allies would discuss missed payments peacefully
Effects of Great Depression on Businessmen
businesses struggled - people spent less
Problems with Nazi “Four Year Plan” Economic Policy (3)
1936-1939
food shortages + rationing
1939 - Germany imported 1/3 of raw materials
Trizonia (2)
1948
combined german zones of France + USA + UK
Role of parades/rallies propaganda for Nazis (2)
attempted to show power/glory of Germany under Nazis
holidays/parades for Nazis
Strengths of Proportional Representation
Democracy - everyone had a say
Role of Hitler’s appeal for gaining supporters during 1930-1932 (3)
presented Hitler as strong leader
made powerful speeches at rallies
posters exaggerated Hitler
Nazi policies against jews 1938 (3)
jews made to carry identity cards
jewish professionals not allowed to take on work for non-jews
jewish possessions had to be registered with government - Nazis could take what they wanted from Jews
The Grand Alliance (2)
alliance between USA, USSR, UK against Hitler
dissolved in 1945 as no need to fight Germany
Result of embassy opinions for USSR
enforce control on countries on border
Result of embassy opinions for USA 1946
policy of containment
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (2)
nuclear weapon states work towards disarmament + not help other nations develop nuclear weapons
non-nuclear weapon states would not develop nuclear weapons
Role of Nazi Propaganda in gaining supporters 1930-1932 (5)
posters targeted different groups + concise
rallies - demonstrated power + discipline of Nazis
focused on popular messages - changed message if it lost support
owned 8 different newspapers
parades/marches - consisted of political speeches + entertainment
Impact of allied bombing (4)
negative impact on German morale
metal production decreased by around 40%
prevented transport of war goods (tanks)
people forced to carry on with their normal lives
Impact of Yalta Conference (2)
Roosevelt & Stalin pleased over agreement of free elections + United Nations
tension over poland - USSR wanted poland to have a communist government while British wanted a non-communist one
Germany measures to increase labour during WW2 (4)
recruited workers from occupied countries
1943 - Hitler reintroduced women into workforce
1943 - small business not related to war effort closed down + employees into army or war work
1944 - ban on holidays + increased working hours
Events during Kristallnacht (3)
over 800 Jewish shops destroyed
Jewish property damaged or stolen
91 Jews killed + 30,000 arrested
Chancellor of Weimar Constitution (2)
appointed by president
must hold support from Reichstag majority
President of Weimar Constitution (2)
head of state
elections take place every 7 years
Negative Impact of Berlin Wall on USSR (2)
Khrushchev would not be able to unite Germany under communism
Wall showed that USSR had to lock their people in to stop them from leaving - people preferred capitalism over communism
Reichstag of Weimar Constitution (2)
Weimar parliament
used proportional representation
Role of Gestapo in Nazi Terror (4)
appointed local wardens to watch neighbors and report opposition to government
power to search anyone’s home
arrested anyone against government
encouraged people to inform them of opposition
Effects of Munich Putsch trial (3)
Hitler gave speech attacking government during trial –> popularity grew
lenient judges showed that some germans wanted Weimar gone
published Mein Kampf in jail –> contained Hitler’s beliefs and was popular
Religion in Nazi Germany by the end of 1930s
insignificant role in society
Reasons why the Bay of Pigs invasion failed (4)
exiles had little military experience
US could not support attack - wanted to present as a Cuban effort
Castro’s government found out about invasion
US thought that Cubans would support them but they didn’t
Truman opinions on Stalin (3)
more suspicious of him - tougher during discussions
believed Stalin wanted to spread communism + bring down capitalism
delayed conference until atom bomb was ready to give him an edge in discussions
Eisenhower’s opinions on USSR (2)
intent on defeating communism
aware of dangers of nukes - prepared to negotiate to improve relations
Impact of Prague Springs on communist countries in Europe (3)
Yugoslavia + Romania condemn invasion - worsen relations between USSR
East Germany + Poland happy - feel more secure that they wont be challenged by reformers in their own country
greater Soviet control of Warsaw Pact members
Consequences of Reichstag Fire (3)
Hermann Goering (Nazi chief of police) suggested Nazis should destroy communist opposition - arrested 4000 communist leaders
Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass emergency decree
Decree for Protection of People and State - gave police power to search homes + imprison without trial
Detente
period of peace between 2 groups previously hostile to each other
Reasons for the Berlin Blockade 1948 (4)
wanted to show west that divide Germany would not work
hoped that West would give up control of their zones in Berlin
propaganda success if blockade worked
Stalin knew Truman would not ignore
Territorial terms of treaty of versailles (3)
alsace and lorraine given to France
Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium
Northern Schleswig given to Denmark
Explain the Reichstag Fire 1933 (3)
Reichstag building set on fire
Marinus van der Lubbe (Dutch communist) found guilty and executed
possibility that Nazis were responsible
Summit Meetings 1959-1961 to solve the Berlin problem (3)
Geneva 1959
Camp David 1959
Paris Summit Conference 1960
Weaknesses of president in Weimar Constitution
president has power to do what they want
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
countries promised not to use military to settle disagreements
Opposition of Weimar government (3)
country senior figure (judges/army leaders) against democracy
some Germans wanted Kaiser back
some people wanted communist revolution
German public reaction to treaty of versailles (3)
resented article 231 - felt that they were not to blame for starting the war
called politicians who signed treaty November Criminals
assassinated some politicians who signed the treaty
The Thirteen Days 1962 16-24 October (5)
Kennedy called together Executive Committee
decided to set naval blockade around Cuba
Kennedy informs US public about Cuba
Khrushchev orders Soviet ships to turn around
missiles still in Cuba
Aryans meaning
people Hitler believed were the master race
Founder of the German Workers’ Party
Anton Drexler
Decline of Nazis 1929 (2)
little success in gaining seats in Reichstag
German people happier for government due to recent economic development
Ghettos (3)
walled-off areas were Jews were crammed into living spaces
diseases + starvation common
poor living standards
Potsdam Conference Agreements (3)
1945
Germany + Berlin dividide into 4 zones
each country would take reparations from own zone
China relations with the US 1949 - 1969 (3)
US fought against Chinese troops in Korean War
US prepared to defend Taiwan when China threatened it in 1954 and 1958
mid 1960s - Mao’s followers criticised americans
Why allies created Deutschmark in 1948
give trizonia economic unity
How family/children for women changed in Nazi Germany
expected to have large families
Nazi policies against inferior considered groups (4)
Sterilisation Law 1933 - allowed Nazis to sterilise people (mentally disabled, beggars)
Concentration camps for jews, homosexuals, tramps
intermarriage with Aryan and black people + gypsies banned
mentally disabled killed starting 1939 (policy removed 1941 after public outcry)
Yalta Conference (6)
1945
Germany - split into 4 (US, UK, france, USSR), 20 billion USD in reparations, Nazi party banned
UN set up
Stalin would join war against Japan
governments of Eastern Europe countries decided in elections
Polish borders return to 1921
Government reaction to treaty of versailles (3)
shocked by harshness - had not been allowed in discussion conferences
refused to sign initially but were forced to sign due to threat of war
called treaty diktat - forced to accept humiliating terms
The Final Solution (6)
1941
concentration camps built in east poland for labour
some converted to extermination camps
Jews divided into 2 groups : fit to work + unfit
those fit to work would work until they were too weak
unfit to work would be killed with poison gas (bodies would be burned)
The Edelweiss Pirates (3)
hated Hitler Youth and fought with members
objected to military service
criticized Nazi culture
Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 (3)
actions of individual communist countries affected all communist countries
duty of countries to stop actions of other country if it threatened them
communist countries prevented from introducing liberal reforms
Why the US was concerned with USSR relations with Cuba 1960
feared that communist government was being established near the US
Cuban Missile Crisis (3)
1962
American spy plane takes picture of missile launch sites in Cuba
Kennedy told that Soviet ships were on their way to Cuba with more equipment
China relations with US 1969-1972 (3)
willing to improve relations due to suspicions of USSR
ping-pong diplomacy
1972 - Nixon and Mao sign Shanghai Communique and agree that there is only one China (Taiwan is part of China)
Camp David (4)
1959
established better relations
no agreement on Berlin but Soviets agree to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum
agreed that more talks held in Paris
How did Stalin react to Trizonia (3)
felt that the west was “ganging up” on him
felt that West was developing their zones + forcing Soviet zone into poverty
believed Germany should be united under communism
Role of art/music propaganda for Nazis (3)
promote Nazi values
art showed German figures + promoted Aryan race
classical music
Khrushchev’s opinions on USA (2)
criticised Stalin’s policies
suggested peaceful co-existence with West
Reich Church 1933
organised all parts of Protestant Church into one organisation (Reich Church)
Role of News Censorship for Nazis (3)
newspapers opposing Nazis shut down
radios could not pick up foreign broadcasts
editors, owners, journalists had to be Reich Press Chamber members
Hungary under Soviet occupation (3)
1945 - elections but no communist government
1947 - voters threatened to elect communist government
1949 - Hungary becomes communist state
Reasons for tension between Cuba and USA 1959-1960 (3)
USA refused to provide economic aid to cuba unless they followed the IMF guidelines
1959 - Cuban government takes over all land in Cuba owned by foreigners
1960 - USSR would buy sugar from Cuba + provide arms
Reasons for Bay of Pigs Invasion (2)
Kennedy did not want an ally of communism so close to American territory
using Cuban exiles would seem like the US was not involved
Role of 1936 Olympics propaganda for Nazis
opportunity to show the world supremacy of Aryans
Reasons for The July Bomb Plot (3)
1944
some army leaders opposed Hitler’s brutal methods + antisemitism
leaders decided to act once Germany began to lose the war
Weaknesses of article 48
president could abuse power
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1972 (SALT 1) (3)
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - ABMs only allowed at 2 sites in each country + maximum of 100 missiles
Interim Treaty - restriction on inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Basic Principles Agreement - rules for nuclear warfare + banned placing warheads on the seabed + set about steps to avoid nuclear war
Impact of Prague Spring on Czechoslovakia (2)
invasion ends
country under firm communist rule
Impact of Marshall plan on Western Europe
rebuilt economy
Define proportional representation
political parties allocated seats based on number of votes they get
Munich Putsch Trial (3)
Hitler sentenced to 5 years but served 9 months
Nazi Party banned
speeches impressed Judges
How Hitler eliminated trade unions 1933 (2)
May 1933 - Nazis broke into trade union offices + arrested their leaders
created German Worker’s Front + forced workers to join
Impact of Prague Springs on US + USSR relations (2)
west angered by invasion
US criticised USSR but would not take direct action
Invasion of Hungary (4)
1956
USSR invades Hungary
Nagy supporters fight + ask West for support (none come)
new pro-communist government set up under Kadar –> Nagy executed
Destalinisation effect on Hungary (6)
1956
people of Hungary protested about lack of political freedom + shortages of essential goods
Khrushchev sent Red Army to restore order
placed Nagy into leadership and withdrew red army
Nagy believed they should have more political freedom
Nagy announces reforms - Hungary leaving Warsaw pact, Hungary becoming neutral, power sharing with non-communist groups
Bulgaria, Romania and Eastern Germany under Soviet occupation
1944-1945 : Red army takes control
Ideology differences with USSR and USA : Rights (2)
USSR : rights of workers more important individual rights
USA : individual freedom valued but outweighed by majority opinion
Effect of Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech (2)
increased tension
USSR strengthened forces + made anti-west propaganda
Nazi “Four Year Plan” Economic Policy 1936-1939 (3)
unsuccesful
ensure that Germany was self-sufficient in oil, steel, rubber - would be able to wage war without worrying about resources
propaganda campaign to convince people to buy German products
Impact of Marshall Plan on USSR (2)
Cominform created
Comecon created
Embassy opinions of USSR on US 1946 (2)
believed the US wanted to use its military to dominate the world
believed US no longer wanted to co-operate with USSR
Impact of Dubcek’s reforms (2)
popular with Czech people
fear from Brezhnev
Role of art/music/literature censorship (4)
Ministry of Propaganda made list of banned literature (anti-Nazi, Jewish, communist) which was seized + burned
writers, actors, musicians had to join the Reich Chamber of Commerce
music - no american influence, jazz since it was black and considered inferior
Art - no modern art, art could only show Nazi values
Opposition to Nazi attempts to take control of Protestant Church (2)
Confessional Church 1934 - objected Nazis, church should remain independent from Nazis
set up by Niemoller + Bonhoeffer
Positive impact of Berlin Wall on USSR (3)
stopped Berlin refugee problem
showed the West that communism would survive in Berlin
showed West that Germany would not be reunited under Western control
Effects of the Locarno treaty (2)
nationalist unhappy with Stresemann accepting Treaty of Versailles terms
improved relations between Germany and other European countries
Franz von Papen 1932 (3)
coalition was weak
Von Papen called election but Nazis still remained largest party (190 seats)
as a result, von Papen resigned
Define passive resistance
peaceful means to resist authority
Bay of Pigs invasion (4)
1961
1400 cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs
intended to overthrow Castro’s government and place US-friendly government in control
failed
Role of Informers in Nazi Terror (2)
some civilians gave information of their area to Gestapo
mistrust + tension between civilians
Khrushchev answer to Berlin Refugee problem
whole of Berlin become East German territory
Events after Kristallnacht (2)
Nazi newspaper presented event as reaction of German citizens - showing anger at the murder
in reality, Nazis had planned attacks, hoping it to be interpreted as genuine hatred towards jews
Embassy opinions of US on USSR 1946 (2)
believed Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism
believed USSR would soften its position if met with strong resistance
Impact of Berlin Wall on Relations between East and West Germany (2)
worsened relations initially - West wanted reunification
possibly improved relations - refugee issue was over + could be possible to improve relations
Reorganisation of Nazi Party 1925-1929 (4)
believed he should win support by legal means - make it more appealing to German voters
appointed a leading Nazi to increase support for each German district
concentrated on winning support of farmers –> germany agriculture was suffering
established various organisation to take its message to particular groups of people
Conflict/Tension during the Potsdam Conference (4)
USSR wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations
USA wanted German economy to recover
Truman believed USSR was occupying eastern countries it promised to liberate (could not do anything without risking war)
Truman wanted Polish government with less communist influence
Main events of 11/11 November Munich Putsch (2)
Hitler arrested
Awaited his trial
Function of Council of People’s Representatives in November 1918
temporary government
Hitler main opposition in 1933 (3)
local government
trade unions - had communist sympathies + workers were loyal to them instead of Nazis
other political parties
Impact of Atomic bomb on USA and USSR tensions (4)
US believed the bomb would help boost their negotiating power
US hoped that Western countries would feel more secure under American protection
Stalin became more determined to keep the USSR safe
less reluctant to go to war
How freedom for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)
expected to be healthy to produce lots of children
smoking + drinking dissuaded
Nazi school curriculum (7)
Race studies : aryan = superior, jews = inferior
more PE time : prepare boys to become soldiers, girls to become mothers, improve fitness + health
math examples were military related
history : learnt about rise of Nazi
biology : emphasized Aryan supremacy
geography : taught about Lebensraum
domestic science : prepare women to becoming mothers + wives
Why Kapp Putsch started
Ebert attempted to disband the Freikorps
