USA: A House Divided 1850 - 1865 Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
When did the deed Scott case happen?
A
1857
2
Q
How are the marks distributed in the how useful question?
A
3 for provenance
3 for interpretation
4 for ommisons
2 for historiography
3
Q
How are the marks distributed in the two source question?
A
3 marks interpretation source 1
3 marks interpretation source 2
8 marks ommison
2 marks for historians views
4
Q
How are the marks distributed in the how fully question?
A
3 marks interpretation
7 marks ommisons
2 marks historians views
5
Q
How many marks can you get for provenance in the how useful question?
A
3
6
Q
How many marks can you get for interpretation on the how useful question?
A
3
7
Q
How many marks can you get for ommison in the how useful question?
A
4
8
Q
How many marks can you get for historiography in the how useful question?
A
2
9
Q
How many marks can you get for interpretation of the first source in the two source question?
A
3
10
Q
How many marks can you get for interpretation of the second source in the two source question?
A
3
11
Q
How many marks can you get for ommison in the two source question?
A
8
12
Q
How many marks can you get for historiography in the two source question?
A
2
13
Q
How many marks for interpretation can you get for the how fully question?
A
3
14
Q
How many marks can you get for ommison in the how fully question?
A
7
15
Q
How many marks can you get for historiography in the how fully question?
A
2
16
Q
When was the decision reached on the Dred Scott case reached?
A
6th of March 1857
17
Q
Who did the mid term elections in 1858 show was winning?
A
The republicans
18
Q
Who was the northern democrat candidate?
A
Stephen Douglas, who opposed slavery in kansas so was unacceptable to Southern voters
19
Q
Who was the southern democrat candidate?
A
John Breckinridge
20
Q
Who was the republican candidate in the 1860 election?
A
Abraham Lincoln
21
Q
Who was the constitutional unionist parties candidate in the 1860 election?
A
John Bell
22
Q
What was the constitutional unionist party formed of?
A
Supporters of the former American party (know nothings) and some southern whigs
23
Q
What did the constitutional unionist party want?
A
To keep the union together
24
Q
What did Alan farmer describe the election of 1860 as?
A
Largely sectional
The most important in American history
25
What candidates were the North beerwen in the 1860 election?
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Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
Stephen Douglas (Northern democrat)
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26
What candidates were the South between in the 1860 election?
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John Bell (constitutional unionist)
John breckinridge (Southern democrat)
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27
How many southern States did Lincoln not even enter his name in?
10
28
How many southern votes did Lincoln get?
None
29
How many states did John Bell (constitutional unionist) win the 1860 election?
3
Won 39% of the southern vote
But only 5%of the the free states
Failed to make any impact in the North
30
How many states did John breckinridge (Southern democrat) win in the 1860 election?
11 of the 15 slave states
Won 45% of the southern vote
5% of the vote in the free states
31
How many states did Stephen Douglas (Northern democrat) win in the 1860 election?
2 (missouri and part of new Jersey)
12% of the southern vote
Most of his support came from traditional democrat voters in the North
32
How many states did Lincoln win in the 1860 election?
All the free states
40%of the total vote
No votes in the South
33
What percentage of Americans voted in the 1860 election?
81%
34
Did the 1860 make it clear that the 2 party system had broken down?
Yes
35
Did most northerners believe that Southern threats about secession were fake?
Yes
36
Why does Alan farmer think Northerners voted for Lincoln?
Most northerners voted for Lincoln because he represented their section
A vote for Lincoln was a vote against the Democrats and slave power
37
Aside from the republican party's view on slavery what else appealed to northeners about the Republican party?
Their "free men, free soil, free labour policy"
| According to Alan farmer.
38
Was the slavery debate reignited by the 1860 election?
It was quite clear now that compromise was almost impossible. The North had voted for a party that opposed slavery whilst the South had voted for a party that defended slavery.
39
Was Lincoln an acceptable president to southeners?
It was quite clear that to many southeners, Lincoln was unacceptable as president.
It is no coincidence that within days of Lincoln's election the South was planning to leave the union.
Many argue that the key result of Lincoln's election was to cause secession and start the civil war.
His election started the inevitable process towards secession.
For many historians it was Lincoln's election that started the events that led to civil war a month after his inauguration.
40
What did historian Eric Foner think about the results of the 1860 election?
The programme of the Republican party was key cause of the civil war
41
What is Thomas Johnson's definition of sectionailsim?
The political, cultural and economic clashes between geographical sections of the United States.
42
What is Charles and Mary beards opinion on sectionalism?
They belive that the North and South were so different that it was inevitable that they would split and that a civil war would start.
43
Was there greater industrial development in the North than the South?
Yes, there was a big difference between the North and South in economic development.
There was greater industrial development in the south.
There were approx. 140,000 factories in the USA in 1850, of which only approx, 20,000 were in the south.
44
Which economy was more modern & diverse?
The Northern economy was more modern and diverse than the southern economy.
There were huge financial and trading centres in the North East.
An industrial based economy in the North east and food producing farms in the North West.
The Southern economy was based primarily on agriculture and the production of cotton.
45
What was the southern economy based upon?
Primarily on agriculture and the production of cotton
46
Where was most of the United States industrial output?
In the North.
The South had 35% of the population and produced 10% of industrial output.
The North had 65% of the population and produced 90% of the industrial output.
47
Was the North more urban than the South?
Yes
By 1860 only 20 southern towns had populations of more than 5000.
The two largest southern cities Charlestown and Richmond only had a population of 40,000.
New york had a population of over 800,000
48
By 1860 how many southern towns had a population of over 5000?
20
49
What were the 2 largest southern cities?
Charlestown and Richmond
| With populations of 40,000
50
What was the population of the 2 largest southern cities?
Charlestown and Richmond had populations of 40,000
51
What was the population of new york city?
800,000 +
52
Did the North or South have more railways?
The North had greater railway milage.
The North had 22,000 miles of railway (71%) compared to the south's 9000 miles (29%).
The South tended to rely more on their river network than railways.
53
Did the North or South have more railways?
The North had greater railway milage.
The North had 22,000 miles of railway (71%) compared to the south's 9000 miles (29%).
The South tended to rely more on their river network than railways. W
54
What did the South rely on more than railways?
Their river network
55
What were the Norths views on tariffs?
The North favoured tariffs as a way of protecting their industries from cheaper foreign products from places like Britian.
56
What was the south's view on tariffs?
The South opposed any tariffs on goods or trade because it would reduce their profits from cotton sales
And make their cotton more expensive to buy abroad.
The South preferred free trade.
57
Who are abolitionists?
Those who took part in the campaign to abolish slavery.
58
What is abolition?
The campaign to abolish slavery .
59
What is the anaconda plan?
Union strategy for winning the war put forward in 1861 by General Winfield Scott. Consisted of a concerted effort by all Union armies and the Navy to ‘squeeze’ the South until the overwhelming Union strength could be made to tell.
60
What is Andersonville?
The most notorious of the Confederate Prison Camps. Thousands of Union prisoners were held in this swampy part of Georgia and many died from illness and malnutrition. Conditions caused uproar in the North (although some of the union prisons were also poor) and the commandant was executed for war crimes after the southern defeat.
61
What is Appomattox court house?
The sight of Lee’s surrender to grant in the spring of 1865.
62
When did lee surrender to grant?
1865
63
What is Atlanta?
The chief Southern city in the West and for long the target of Union Generals. Finally taken by Sherman and burned in 1864.
64
What is the blockade also known as?
The Anaconda plan
65
What is the anaconda plan also known as?
The blockade
66
What is the blockade?
One of the Union’s main tactics was to blockade Southern ports with the vastly superior Union navy in order to both prevent the export of cotton and the import of war goods in the south.
67
What is the anaconda plan?
One of the Union’s main tactics was to blockade Southern ports with the vastly superior Union navy in order to both prevent the export of cotton and the import of war goods in the south.
68
What is the blockade/anaconda plan?
One of the Union’s main tactics was to blockade Southern ports with the vastly superior Union navy in order to both prevent the export of cotton and the import of war goods in the south.
69
What are blockade runners?
Small, fast ships which sped in and out of Southern ports in defiance of the blockade. Skippers became Southern heroes.
70
What are the border states?
States such as Tennessee, Kentucky & Maryland, sometimes known as the ‘Upper South’ which did not officially join the Confederacy - though they were sympathetic to the South. It was a major part of Lincoln’s political strategy to keep these states loyal to the union.
71
Why is California important?
Discovery of gold increased its importance. Was part of the struggle over the expansion of slave holding territory in America.
72
What is the Charleston mercury?
Like the New York tribune for the north, this newspaper was a major source of southern opinion throughout the era.
73
What was the compromise of 1850?
This attempted to solve the slave issue in 1850. It allowed California to enter as state and offered the idea of popular sovereignty to the other territories won from Mexico. Also introduced the Fugitive slave Act which was very unpopular in the North. In the time the compromise became hated in the North as a sell out to slavery and began this idea of a “slave power conspiracy”.
74
What was the confederacy?
The collective name given to those states who broke away or ‘seceded from the ‘union’ called the United States of America.
75
What was conscription?
The act of making it compulsory to join the armed forces. Introduced into the South in 1862 and the North in 1863. In the North not all men were called at the same time giving rise to the ‘Draft’. In both North & South, conscription was highly unpopular and the cause of considerable conflict and corruption. Sparked off the ‘New York Draft Riot’
76
Who were copperheads?
Former Democrats living in the North. These extreme opponents of the war were powerful for a time around 1862-3 when things were going badly for Union forces. Their activities were regarded by the authorities as treasonable and their leaders were often prosecuted (see Clement Vallandigham’ in the Who’s Who). Got the name from the poisonous Copperhead snake
77
Why was cotton important?
It was the main source of wealth for the south.
78
Why was Cuba important?
A Caribbean island. At various times Southerners cast their eyes towards acquiring Cuba as an additional slave-holding territory. In 1853 President Pierce tried to buy Cuba as a new slave state.
79
Who were the democrat party?
The ‘Southern Party’ i.e. the Party which before 1854 was most in favour of the Southern outlook on Slavery, Taxation, the Tariff etc. The Party was dominated by politicians from the South. After 1854 the Party split into Northern & Southern sections and in the North it crumbled in the face of the new Republican Party.
80
What was the emancipation proclamation?
Lincoln ‘went public’ on his intention to emancipate the slaves following the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. A huge symbolic act and a milestone in American history.
81
When was the emancipation proclamation made?
Following the battle of Antietam in September 1862.
82
Who were fire eaters?
Descriptive of the most extreme members of a Southern political movement usually used to describe those most in favour of preserving and/or extending slavery and leaving the Union.
83
What was the free soil party?
A Party formed out of anti-slavery groups, later absorbed into the Republican Party
84
What was the freed men’s bureau?
An organisation set up to aid freed slaves.
85
What was the fugitive slave law 1850?
A symbol of Southern domination of politics prior to the war, these laws compelled states to return runaway slaves to their masters. The cause of much bitterness and conflict especially in the New England states
86
When was the fugitive slave law passed?
1850
87
What was guerrilla warfare?
A common tactic employed by pro-Confederate bands, especially in the Border states.
88
What was habeas corpus?
A legal device built into most constitutions to ensure that persons cannot be imprisoned without trial. Often suspended during times of crisis - both North & South suspended it at various times and places throughout the war. Lincoln was accused of being unconstitutional for suspending it during the civil war.
89
What was harper’s ferry?
The scene of John Brown’s raid.
90
Why was kansas important?
The ‘battleground’ of pro and anti- slavery groups in the period 1854-1858. “Bleeding Kansas” became a rallying cry for the new Republican Party.
91
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Axt 1854?
This act above all other factors wrecked the compromise of 1850 and made the north/south divide wider and more bitter.
92
Who were the know-nothings?
A ‘nativist’ Party or semi-secret organisation (the name came from members who when asked about their Party were urged to reply, “I know nothing”) who were anti- Catholic, immigrants etc. Was a potent political force among young working class voters for a while in the mid ‘50s who feared for their jobs in the face of widespread immigration into the US - often by unskilled people from largely Catholic countries. Many were also absorbed into the Republican Party.
93
What was manifest destiny?
The belief that (white) Americans were destined to rule over the whole of the Continent from Atlantic to Pacific.
94
What was the Missouri compromise (1820)?
A much earlier attempt (1820) to set the limits on slavery at line of latitude 360, 30’
95
When was the Missouri compromise?
1820
96
What was a much earlier attempt (1820) to set the limits on slavery at line of latitude 360, 60’ called?
The Missouri compromise (1820)
97
What did the Missouri compromise (1820) set the limits of slavery at?
set the limits on slavery at line of 360, 60’
98
What was nativism?
Anti-everyone who was not a native born American.
99
What was new england?
A sub-section of the North and the home of Abolition, radical Republicans and the heartland of anti-Southern feeling and anti-slavery
100
What was the peninsula campaign?
The brainchild of G B McClellan - consisted of a massive movement by ship of a whole Union army (in 1862) to land on the Virginia Peninsula, south of Richmond in order to attack the Confederate capital from the rear. It nearly worked and would have worked if McClellan had not convinced himself that he had failed when in fact he had succeeded. It ended in an embarrassing retreat by ship right back to where it had started. McClellan was sacked - for the first time - as a result.
101
What were personal liberty laws?
Many Northern states responded to the Fugitive Slave Act by passing state laws which attempted to work around the federal laws.
102
What was popular sovereignty?
: A idea adopted by Stephen Douglas which got around the terms of the 1850 Compromise by allowing in the Kansas-Nebraska Act an opportunity for local people to decide whether they wished their state to be Slave or Free - irrespective of its location North or South of the Missouri Compromise line. Was the principal immediate cause of much of the violence which accompanied the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska act as rival groups battled for the right to represent these new territories.
103
What was reconstruction?
The name given to Lincoln’s plans for dealing with the South when the war was over and also the name given to the period in southern history which followed the war.
104
What was The name given to Lincoln’s plans for dealing with the South when the war was over?
Reconstruction
105
What was the Republican Party?
The exclusively northern party which was formed in 1854 and which consisted of a massive alliance of many, many groups with varying degrees of opposition to the political, economic and social system in the south. Lincoln was its first national leader and was elected president in 1860.
106
What was secession?
The act of leaving the union of the United States of America.
107
What was sectionalism?
The name given to the geographical areas in 19th century America but which means much more than just geography and included the politics, economics and culture of the region e.g. when we talk of the ‘North’ or the ‘South’ we are not simply describing their location on a map but describing a way of life and outlook as well.
108
What is a tariff?
The argument about whether native, American industry should be ‘protected’ by imposing a tariff or customs duty on cheaper foreign produce in order to encourage people to buy US goods. This argument was mainly favoured in the industrial North and opposed in the South who feared that customers of its main product - cotton - would retaliate and impose an entry tariff on Southern cotton thus reducing its profitability.
109
What is the temperance movement?
Linked to Abolition, to Nativism, to Religion and very much at home in New England
110
What is the thirteenth amendment 1865?
The actual end of slavery in the US (as distinct from Emancipation proclamation).
111
What were the Tredegar iron works?
Virtually the sole large scale armaments factory in the South.
112
What was uncle toms cabin?
By Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book which really sparked widespread Northern interest in Abolition and opposition to slavery.
113
What was the Underground Railroad?
Clandestine routes involved in aiding slaves to escape to the North or to Canada.
114
What were war democrats?
Opponents of Lincoln and Republicans in the North but who none-the-less supported the war e.g. McClellan.
115
What was West Point?
US military academy. Training ground for officers from both armies.
116
What was the Whig party?
The main opposition to the Democrats before sectionalism split that party and the republicans arrived on the scene.
117
Who was Robert Anderson?
The Union commander of Fort Sumter the shelling and surrender of which signalled the start of the war [April 1861]
118
Who was The Union commander of Fort Sumter the shelling and surrender of which signalled the start of the war [April 1861]?
Robert Anderson
119
Who was Nathaniel banks?
One of the many Union ‘political generals’ who owed their military rank to their influence in Washington. These generals did not distinguish themselves in the war.
120
Who was Pierre Beauregard?
A Confederate General and the victor of the first major Eastern battle at Manassas (also known as Bull Run). Lasted throughout the war and was heavily involved in the siege of Petersburg which ended the war. His own view of his worth as a general was not always shared by Jefferson Davis.
121
Who was John Brown?
Hanged for leading an abortive raid on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859. His bid to arm freed slaves was just one example of his extreme commitment to the Abolition cause. A complex and violent man he had played a major role in the violence in Kansas in the 1850’s.
122
Who was Hanged for leading an abortive raid on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859?
John Brown
123
Who was James Buchanan?
President of USA throughout the 1857- 1861. Succeeded in March 1861 by Lincoln. History has not been kind to his reputation
124
Who was President of USA throughout the 1857- 1861?
James Buchanan
125
Who was Succeeded in March 1861 by Lincoln?
James Buchanan
126
Who succeeded James Buchanan in march 1861?
Abraham Lincoln
127
When was James Buchanan succeeded by Lincoln?
March 1861
128
Who was Ambrose burnside ?
Union commander. One of a list of Union Generals in the East, who were defeated by Lee. Sacked and moved West following disaster at Fredericksburg in 1862.
129
Who was Benjaminen Butler?
Union political general and no more successful than any of them
130
Who was John C Calhourn?
Senator from Southern Carolina, the major proponent of the South’s position on Slavery. Instrumental in putting together the Compromise of 1850 - died shortly after
131
Who was Salmon P Chase?
Abolitionist and founded Free Soil Party and later led the radical wing of the Republican party. Lincoln included him in his Cabinet as Secretary of the treasury
132
Who founded the Free soil Party?
Salmon P Chase
133
Who is Mary Chestnut?
Southern lady of no import except that her diary is one of the finest contemporary records of the war, written from the southern perspective
134
Who was Henry Clay?
Southern Whig, another author of the 1850 Compromise.
135
Who was Jefferson Davis?
The first and last Confederate President. Former Senator, hero of the Mexican War and Secretary of War. A major figure in the war.
136
Who was the first and last confederate president?
Jefferson Davis
137
Who was the first confederate president?
Jefferson Davis
138
Who was the last confederate president?
Jefferson Davis
139
Who was Stephen A Douglas?
Northern Democrat politician and Lincoln’s chief opponent first in Illinois and later for the Presidency. Author of the Kansas - Nebraska Act (and the notion of popular sovereignty) which because it contributed to the end of the 1850 Compromise, is regarded as one of the causes of the war.
140
Who was Fredrick Douglas?
Ex-slave and leading figure in the Abolition Movement.
141
Who was Dredd-Scott?
The case of this slave was a milestone judgement by the US Supreme Court and crystallised the North/South divide on the issue of Slavery.
142
Who was John C Fremont?
1856 Republican Presidential candidate. Lost to James Buchanan. Another Union political general.
143
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
One of the leading figures in the Abolition Movement
144
Who was Josiah Gorgas?
Confederate General and founder of “Confederate Socialism”. Set up the 1sr “Ordnance” Bureau for making weapons.
145
Who was the founder of „“confederate socialism“?
Josiah Gorgas
146
Who was Ulysses S Grant?
The Union General who rose to prominence in the West, took over supreme command of all Union forces in 1863 and eventually led them to victory. Small, self-effacing, determined, undeterred by casualties (called a ‘Butcher even in Northern papers!) his idea of warfare was to go forward.
147
Who was Horace Greenly?
Highly influential editor of New York Tribune, his correspondence with Lincoln forms part of the war reporting. Supported abolition and emancipation.
148
Who was Oliver Wendell Holmes?
A leading abolitionist.
149
Who was John Bell Hood?
Confederate General operating towards the end of the war in the west. Defeated by Sherman.
150
Who was Joesph Hooker?
‘Fighting Joe’, a Union General totally defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville in 1862. Later moved to the West where he helped Grant & Sherman towards their victories.
151
Who was Thomas J Jackson?
Always referred to as ‘Stonewall’ and without out doubt the oddest General on either side. On his day he was also one of the most brilliant. Mistakenly killed by his own men during battle of Chancellorsville and without him, Lee was never as successful.
152
Who was Robert E Lee?
The quite outstanding General of either side and Commander in Chief of the confederate forces.
153
Who was the commander in chief of the confederate forces?
Robert E Lee
154
Who was Abraham Lincoln?
Republican and President for the United States from 1861 – 1865. Born in Kentucky and grew up in Illinois.
155
Who was the president from 1861 to 1865?
Abraham Lincoln
156
Who was James Longstreet?
‚‘Old Peter’ as he was known was second only to Lee in the affections of Southern people. Another highly successful and very aggressive Confederate General
157
Who was George B McClelan?
Union General beloved of his men in the Eastern Theatre. Twice commanded Union forces, twice he was sacked for ‘lethargy/laziness’. Had a very high opinion of his own abilities, ran against Lincoln in the 1864 Election.
158
Which general was sacked twice?
George B McClellan
159
Who ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election?
George B Mclellan
160
Who was Irvin McDowell?
Union General whose army lost at First Manassas (First Bull Run) and was the first of many Union Generals to be sacked for failing.
161
Who was the first general to be sacked?
Irvin McDowell
162
Who was George Meade?
The Union General in the East who was the first to defeat Lee - at Gettysburg in 1863. Remained as Union commander under Grant until the end of the war.
163
Who was Chrisopher Memminger?
The Confederate Secretary of the Treasury 1861-64
164
Who was Wendell Phillips?
A leading Abolitionist.
165
Who was Allan Pinkerton?
The Scots detective who acted as Head of Military Intelligence for the Union army in the east.
166
Who was winfield Scott?
Legendary Union commander in the Mexican War and author of the ‘Anaconda Plan’
167
Who was the Author of the Anaconda plan?
Winfield Scott
168
Who was William H Seward?
Abolitionist and radical Republican. Served as Secretary of State in Lincoln’s Cabinet .
169
Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?
Union General who captured & burned Atlanta and carried out the legendary march ‘from Atlanta to the Sea’. A friend of Grant’s he had been removed from command for mental instability but returned to earn a very high reputation. - except of course in the South where his policy of ‘total war’ did not endear him to those Southerners who experienced what this meant.
170
Who was Edwin W Stanton?
Democrat who became Secretary of War in Lincoln’s Cabinet and a highly influential Washington figure.
171
Who was Alexander Stephens?
Southerner and Georgia Senator. Defender of slavery, Confederate Vice- President who did not like Davis, rarely spoke to him.
172
Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?
Abolitionist from New England and the author of ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’
173
Who was the author of Uncle Tom‘s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe
174
Who was Charles Sumner?
Radical Republican Senator. Prior to the war he was assaulted to severe injury in the Senate by a Southern politician who objected to Sumner’s views on the South & Slavery (bleeding sumner)
175
Who was Roger Taney?
Chief Justice of The Supreme Court in the 1850’s. Friend of James Buchanan. Presided over the Dred Scott case 1857.
176
Who presided over the Dred Scott case of 1857?
Rodger Taney
177
Who was Vallandingham Clement?
Democrat Governor of Ohio and major opponent of the War and of Lincoln. Led the copperhead movement (peace movement)
178
Who led the copperhead movement?
Clement Vallandingham
179
Who was Gideon Welles?
Secretary of the Navy in Lincoln‘s Cabient
180
Who was David Wilmot?
US politician in the 1850’s and author of the ‘Wilmot Proviso’
181
How many miles of railways did the North have?
22000
182
What is Charles and Mary Beard’s view on sectionalism?
There was economic competition between a feudal South and an
| industrial North which inevitably created conflict.
183
What was David Potters View on sectionalism?
Rejects Beards’ views, and argues that there was no gulf between north and south
184
What are 2 historians views on sectionalism?
Charles and Mary Beard - There was economic competition between a feudal South and an
industrial North which inevitably created conflict.
David Potter - Rejects Beards’ views, and argues that there was no gulf between north and south.
185
What is the debate around sectionalism?
There is a wide debate about the role of sectionalism in terms of the civil war. Firstly there is a debate about whether sectionalism actually existed/ degree to which it existed and then about the role that it played in the civil war.
186
What is the debate around slavery?
The main area of debate is on the issue of whether the treatment of slaves was benign (harmless) or harsh. Traditional historians had always tended to see the treatment of slaves as being very harsh. In 1974 however, Fogel and Engerman changed that with the publication of “Time on the Cross”. They argued that the treatment of slaves was benign/ harmless and in some cases, it was actually better than free Southern whites of the time. This view has been attacked by most traditional historians.
187
What is Kenneth Stampps view on slavery?
Takes the view that the cruelty was endemic in all slave-holding communities. Fear among slaves of being sold on by their master. Slave unhappiness as shown by acts of resistance and sabotage, but not open rebellion. The typical plantation was an area of persistent conflict between master and slave.
188
What are 2 historians views on slavery?
Kenneth Stampp - Takes the view that the cruelty was endemic in all slave-holding communities. Fear among slaves of being sold on by their master. Slave unhappiness as shown by acts of resistance and sabotage, but not open rebellion. The typical plantation was an area of persistent conflict between master and slave.
Fogel & Engerman - Take the view that slave accommodation and standard of living was superior to that of free Americans living in New York in 1893. Slaves were controlled with minimal force; whippings have been exaggerated: only 0.7% of hands per year.
189
What is Fogel & Engerman’s view on Slavery?
Take the view that slave accommodation and standard of living was superior to that of free Americans living in New York in 1893. Slaves were controlled with minimal force; whippings have been exaggerated: only 0.7% of hands per year.
190
What was the debate surrounding the compromise of 1850?
Today most historians tend to agree that the Compromise of 1850 was a bad thing and did serious damage to the USA. For many historians it began the chain of events that would lead to the outbreak of civil war in 1861. Most importantly the effects of the Compromise reignited the debates and controversies over the expansion of slavery. Historian David Potter is most particularly linked to the debates over the impact of the Compromise of 1850.
191
What is David Potters opinion on the compromise of 1850?
takes the view that the 1850 Compromise was more of an ‘armistice’ than a compromise.
192
What are two historians views on the 1850 compromise?
David Potter - takes the view that the 1850 Compromise was more of an ‘armistice’ than a compromise.
Ludwell Johnson - takes the view that the 1850 compromise inflicted fatal “internal damage” to both national political parties. Sectional alliances had consistently overwhelmed partisan allegiances, and though party unity regained strength after the Compromise, both parties inherited “a heavy burden of personal enmity and suspicion.”
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What was Ludewell Johnston’s view on the Compromise of 1850?
takes the view that the 1850 compromise inflicted fatal “internal damage” to both national political parties. Sectional alliances had consistently overwhelmed partisan allegiances, and though party unity regained strength after the Compromise, both parties inherited “a heavy burden of personal enmity and suspicion.”
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What was the debate surrounding the rise of the Republican Party?
For most historians the rise of the Republican Party was a very significant event.
Many link the rise to the breakup of the two party national system in the mid 1850’s.
Study of the causes of the rise of the Republican Party only really gained prominence in the mid 1950’s.
Historians like Eric Foner and Michael Gienapp were at the forefront the study of the Republican Party. Their studies suggested that the Republican Party was a more complex organization than previously assumed with the party containing a wide range of views and not just being focused exclusively on the slave issue.
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What is Micheal Gienapp’s view on the Republican Party?
Republicans united in opposition to ‘slave power’. Know- Nothings had eroded, previous party loyalties.
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What are two historians views on the rise of the Republican Party?
Michael Gienapp - Republicans united in opposition to ‘slave power’. Know- Nothings had eroded, previous party loyalties.
Charles Beard - Republicans were vehicle to establish supremacy of Northern capitalism throughout the USA.
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What was Charles Beard’s view on the rise of the Republican Party?
Republicans were vehicle to establish supremacy of Northern capitalism throughout the USA.
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What is the debate surrounding the break up of the 2 party national system?
In recent years historians have focused in on the issue of the breakup of the 2 party national system, the system whereby the USA had 2 nationally supported political parties (Democrats and Whigs) as a major factor in the outbreak of civil war.
This challenged the idea that slavery was the key factor in causing the civil war.
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What is JR Randell’s view on the break up of the 2 party system?
Politicians from the 2 main parties used excesses of propaganda, intolerance and hate. This angered the Northern electorate who wanted a new political party that would represent their interests.
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What are 2 historians views on the break up of the 2 party national system ?
JR Randall - Politicians from the 2 main parties used excesses of propaganda, intolerance and hate. This angered the Northern electorate who wanted a new political party that would represent their interests.
Avery Craven - politicians encouraged conflict for their own political ends and this alienated the Northern people who went looking for an alternative political party outside of the 2 established parties.
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What is Avery Craven’s view on the Break up of the 2 party national system?
politicians encouraged conflict for their own political ends and this alienated the Northern people who went looking for an alternative political party outside of the 2 established parties.
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What is the debate surrounding motives of southern secession?
In the after math of the civil war they general view of contemporary figures like former President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Stephens was that the key motive for secession was nothing to do with slavery but was all about a defense of states’ rights.
In recent years historians have argued that this was not what caused secession, but that it was an effort to protect slavery and the Southern economic system,
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What is Charles & Mary Beard’s view on motives for southern secession?
Argued that secession was all about economic differences between the Northern and Southern states (Sectionalism).
The South was determined to protect their economy and not to allow it to become economically subservient to the North.
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What are 2 historians views on Motives for southern secession?
Charles and Mary Beard - Argued that secession was all about economic differences between the Northern and Southern states (Sectionalism). The South was determined to protect their economy and not to allow it to become economically subservient to the North.
Jefferson Davis - Secession was a Defence of states’ rights.
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What is Jefferson Davis’s view on the motives for southern secession?
That secession was a Defense of states’ rights.
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What is the debate surrounding the causes of the civil war?
There is a big debate about the causes of the American Civil War, which brokeout in April 1861.
This debate has raged from the end of the civil war in The 1860s right up to the present day.
In the aftermath of the civil war those on the Union side argued that the cause of the civil war was in fact slavery.
Those on the losing side disagreed with this and argue that the issue was states rights.
The Union view about the cause of the civil war remained the dominant view right up to the start of the 20th century.
Then some revision took place, most notably led by Charles and Mary Beard who argued that the war was caused by sectional differences, particularly economic differences.
Throughout most of the 20th century other revisionist views developed, for example Randall and Craven’s view about the role of the Blundering Generation and many others.
These views tended to agree that the civil war was caused by a number of causes rather than just by a single cause.
By the end of the 20th century most historians had reverted back to the older traditional view that the civil war was caused by slavery.
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What is Alan Farmer’s View on the causes of the civil war?
“slavery was at the root of the antagonism between Northern and southern states”
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What are 2 historians views on the causes of the Civil war?
Alan Farmer - “slavery was at the root of the antagonism between Northern and southern states”
James McPherson argued that there cannot be any single explanation for the start of the civil war in the 1980s but has now changed his opinion and argues that slavery was the key cause of the civil war.
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What is James McPherson’s View on the Causes of the civil war?
James McPherson argued that there cannot be any single explanation for the start of the civil war in the 1980s but has now changed his opinion and argues that slavery was the key cause of the civil war.
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What is the debate surrounding solideres motives and Ideology?
Over the years there has been a developing debate about the motives of soldiers fighting in the American civil war.
For many years after the war historians believed that this was not an ideological war- in other words there was no real ideology that motivated soldiers on both sides to fight.
This was compared to WWII for example when soldiers were motivated to fight by such ideologies as anti-fascism and democracy.
The generally held view was the soldiers who fought in the American civil war were simply there because they were motivated by such things as “comradeship”, “friendship” and loyalty to their state.
Thanks to the work of historian Bell Wiley this view has begun to change with some historians now coming to the conclusion that perhaps some form of ideology did in fact play a part in motivating soldiers on both sides to fight.
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What is Peter Parish’s view on soldiers motives and ideology?
The huge volunteer response of 1861 was the product of individual enthusiasm, state action and local initiative.
Men joined due to encouragement of family and friends, motivated by a mixture of patriotism, fear of being thought a coward and anxiety that it would all be over before they could get involved.
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What are 2 historians views on soldiers motives and Ideology?
Peter Parish - The huge volunteer response of 1861 was the product of individual enthusiasm, state action and local initiative. Men joined due to encouragement of family and friends, motivated by a mixture of patriotism, fear of being thought a coward and anxiety that it would all be over before they could get involved..
Alan Haughton Takes the view that men were filled with thoughts of excitement and the drama of war and not really motivated by any set ideology.
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What is Alan Haughton’s view on soldiers motives and Ideology?
Takes the view that men were filled with thoughts of excitement and the drama of war and not really motivated by any set ideology.
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What is the debate surrounding resources?
There has been an ongoing debate amongst historians about the extent to which the North had a superiority of resources over the South and therefore suggesting that the North was more likely to win the civil war.
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What is Alan Farmer’s View on Resources?
argues that the Union had a huge advantage in terms of resources that they held and that this would make it likely that they would win.
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What are 2 Historians views on resources?
Alan Farmer argues that the Union had a huge advantage in terms of resources that they held and that this would make it likely that they would win.
Mary Susan Grant - She believes that while the North possessed huge resources the actual task of conquering and occupying the South was a huge one.
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What is Mary Susan Grant’s View on resources?
She believes that while the North possessed huge resources the actual task of conquering and occupying the South was a huge one.
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What is the debate surrounding Lincoln and his generals?
There are a number of historians, for example Basil Liddell Hart, Thomas Emory and JFC Fuller who argue that the superiority of Northern Generals was a key to Northern victory.
In particular, T.H. Williams, highlights the abilities of Generals Grant and Sherman.
These men worked well with Lincoln and delivered what Lincoln wanted a war of attack.
However, that is not to say that the North had problems.
Their failure to do well in the opening years of the war and Lincoln’s frequent change of commanders is also important to bear in mind.
There is also the work of Southern General Robert E. Lee to bear in mind.
Lee is widely credited with providing the South was a strategy that almost brought her victory in the early years of the war – defensive attack.
Lee is widely accepted to be the greatest general of the civil war.
Indeed, historian James McPherson is highly critical of Lincoln’s military appointments calling them mainly “political appointees”.
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What is James McPherson’s view on Lincoln & his generals?
He is more critical of Lincoln and takes the view that several of Lincoln’s generals were appointed for political reasons and as such they proved to be incompetent on the battlefield. He believes that this damaged the Union war effort particularly in the early years of the war.
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What are 2 historians views on Lincoln & His generals?
James McPherson is more critical of Lincoln and takes the view that several of Lincoln’s generals were appointed for political reasons and as such they proved to be incompetent on the battlefield. He believes that this damaged the Union war effort particularly in the early years of the war.
Hugh Tulloch takes the view that Lincoln was right, and that the North paid dearly for the caution of McClellan. McClellan did not appreciate that in a modern democracy war was politics. In addition, Tulloch argues that Lincoln was willing to take risks — allowing Burnside to adopt a dictatorial style in order to achieve military success for example.
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What is Hugh Tulloch’s view on Lincoln & His Generals?
Hugh Tulloch takes the view that Lincoln was right, and that the North paid dearly for the caution of McClellan. McClellan did not appreciate that in a modern democracy war was politics. In addition, Tulloch argues that Lincoln was willing to take risks — allowing Burnside to adopt a dictatorial style in order to achieve military success for example.
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What is the debate surrounding the impact of new technology?
Much of the debate surrounding the nature of war fare in the US civil war centres around the idea that the development of new weapons/technology and the extent to which the civil population were involved made the US civil war the “first modern war”.
Historian James Fuller takes this view and argues that the American civil war was the first example of modern warfare.
Other historians do not accept this view with Herman Hattaway and Alan Farmer arguing that while some examples of modern war fare might well be present the US civil war was still fought in the way traditional 18th and 19th century wars were.
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What is James fuller’s view on the impact of new technology?
Historian James Fuller takes this view and argues that the American civil war was the first example of modern warfare.
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What are 2 historians views on the impact of new technology?
Historian James Fuller takes this view and argues that the American civil war was the first example of modern warfare.
Alan Farmer - Takes the view that the war did not exhibit the ruthlessness and cruelty that has characterised wars in the 20th century. The war reflected the impact of industrial growth. Factories and machines transformed warfare. However, elements of continuity also remained for example strategy and tactics were largely based on Napoleonic principles. Therefore it could not be classed as the first modern war.
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What is Alan Farmer’s opinion on the impact of new technology?
Takes the view that the war did not exhibit the ruthlessness and cruelty that has characterised wars in the 20th century.
The war reflected the impact of industrial growth.
Factories and machines transformed warfare.
However, elements of continuity also remained for example strategy and tactics were largely based on Napoleonic principles.
Therefore it could not be classed as the first modern war.
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What is the debate surrounding the economic and social impact of the war on the North and the south?
The general debate here seems to be more or less, in agreement.
That agreement is centred on the issue of which side suffered most during the civil war and on the overall impact of the war on the population.
General agreement amongst historians is that the South suffered most during the war, particularly in relation to the civilian population.
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What is Batty’s view on the economic and social impact of the war on the north and south?
Argued that there was growing resentment in the South over the imposition of conscription and the general view that poorer Southern whites were carrying the burden of the war.
The 20-slave rule, which allowed richer whites to avoid conscription created much resentment in the south.
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What are 2 historians views on the economic and social impact of the war on the north and the south?
Batty - Argued that there was growing resentment in the South over the imposition of conscription and the general view that poorer Southern whites were carrying the burden of the war. The 20-slave rule, which allowed richer whites to avoid conscription created much resentment in the south.
James McPherson - Southern wartime taxation exacerbated class tensions and caused growing alienation of the white lower classes from the Confederate cause. The Northern economy more adaptable to demands of war. War speeded up mechanization of industry due to tight labour market. Great increase in the employment of women, was seen on both sides, but particularly in the South with women sustaining the war effort to a large degree.
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What is James McPherson’s view on the economic and social impact of the war on the north and the south?
Southern wartime taxation exacerbated class tensions and caused growing alienation of the white lower classes from the Confederate cause.
* The Northern economy more adaptable to demands of war. *
War speeded up mechanization of industry due to tight labour market.
Great increase in the employment of women, was seen on both sides, but particularly in the South with women sustaining the war effort to a large degree.
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What is the debate surrounding the emancipation of Slaves?
The debate surrounding the emancipation of slaves in 1863 surrounds the motives why this was introduced in 1863 (the decision to emancipate the slaves was published in September 1862).
Emancipation was a highly sensitive political and social issue within those states which still supported the Union.
It threatened to divide the North as much as it disturbed the South.
Some historians claim that Lincoln introduced emancipation because he believed in it and had wanted to do it all the time.
However, there are other historians think that it politically suited Lincoln to bring in Emancipation and that he gave into political pressures.
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What is Hugh Tulloch’s view on the emancipation of the slaves?
Tulloch takes the view that Lincoln’s actions were those of a politician having to change tack due to the evolving nature of the conflict and that emancipation was motivated by political pressures from groups like Radical Republicans and Abolitionists.
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What are 2 historians views on the emancipation of slaves?
Hugh Tulloch takes the view that Lincoln’s actions were those of a politician having to change tack due to the evolving nature of the conflict and that emancipation was motivated by political pressures from groups like Radical Republicans and Abolitionists.
Kenneth Stampp opposes the view of Tulloch. He argues that the key reasons for Emancipation were the military and diplomatic pressures that Lincoln faced. In particular they argue that the need for more Union soldiers was a key factor in the decision to emancipate in the belief it could attract many free Blacks into the Union army. They also believe that the desire to keep France and Britain neutral also played a part. Stampp described Lincoln as a “reluctant emancipator”.
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What is Kenneth Stampp’s view on the Emancipation of slaves?
Kenneth Stampp opposes the view of Tulloch.
He argues that the key reasons for Emancipation were the military and diplomatic pressures that Lincoln faced.
In particular he argues that the need for more Union soldiers was a key factor in the decision to emancipate in the belief it could attract many free Blacks into the Union army.
He also believes that the desire to keep France and Britain neutral also played a part.
Stampp described Lincoln as a “reluctant emancipator”.
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What is the debate surrounding Southern Defeat?
There are a number of areas debate about the defeat of the South.
Once centres on the inevitability of Southern debate and the other on the reasons for Southern defeat.
Today most mainstream historians would argue that the North won the civil war due to their superiority of resources.
While most accept this was important there is still some debate about how Northern resources were handled with some historian’s question why it took the Union 4 years to defeat the South given that the North had such an over whelming advantage.
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What is Richard N Current’s View on the reasons for southern defeat?
He believed that the North had superior resources in terms of manpower, raw materials, manufacturing capacity etc,summed up in the phrase, ‘God and the strongest battalions’.
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What are 2 historians views on the reasons for southern defeat?
Richard N Current believed that the North had superior resources in terms of manpower, raw materials, manufacturing capacity etc,summed up in the phrase, ‘God and the strongest battalions’.
D.M. Potter believed that Jefferson Davis was responsible for Southern defeat by his failure to lead the nation effectively in time of war. He famously argued that had the North and South exchanged presidents, perhaps the South could have won.
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What is D.M. Potter’s view on the reasons for southern defeat?
D.M. Potter believed that Jefferson Davis was responsible for Southern defeat by his failure to lead the nation effectively in time of war. He famously argued that had the North and South exchanged presidents, perhaps the South could have won.
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What were the Northern Gains of the 1850 Compromise?
California would be admitted as a non slave state.
Texas dropped all claims to New Mexico and New Mexico would become a territory.
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What were the southern gains of the 1850 compromise?
Maryland was allowed to retain slavery.
A strict fugitive slave law was to be introduced to hunt down run away slaves.
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What were the compromises of the 1850 compromise?
New Mexico, Utah and Nevada were not to be admitted as states at this stage and would be allowed to decide later if they wanted slavery or not.
Slavery was ended in the District of Columbia (Washington DC) but slave owners in the district could keep their slaves.
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What were the main terms of the 1850 compromise?
California was to be admitted as a non slave state.
New Mexico, Utah and Nevada were not to be admitted as states at this stage and would be allowed to decide later if they wanted slavery or not.
Texas dropped all claims to New Mexico and New Mexico would become a territory.
Slavery was ended in the District of Columbia (Washington DC) but slave owners in the district could keep their slaves.
Maryland was allowed to retain Slavery.
A strict Fugitive Slave Law was to be introduced to hunt down run away slaves.
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What was the North/Union war strategy?
War in the East
War in the West
The Blockade (Anaconda Plan)
Slow & Steady
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What was the South/confederacy’s strategy?
Defensive Offence
Inflict Early Defeats on North and Force Negotiations
Cotton Diplomacy
Foreign Support
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General Grant Recall
Disliked by his solideres as being uncaring
Described by them as “Butcher Grant”
Grant’s aim was victory whatever the cost in casualties
This was what attracted Lincoln to him - Grant was prepared to take the war to the confederacy
A man of action
Regarded as saving the Union War effort in 1862 with his victories in the western theatre - Vicksburg
