US & The World Flashcards
1
Q
George Washington quote
A
George Washington, 1796: “steer clear of permanent alliances”
2
Q
Thomas Jefferson quote (2)
A
Thomas Jefferson, 1801:
“honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none” \
“empire of/ for liberty”
3
Q
John Quincy Adams
A
‘She Goes Not Abroad in Search of Monsters to Destroy’
4
Q
When was the Monroe Doctrine introduced?
A
1823
5
Q
Who introduced the term ‘Manifest Destiny’?
A
In the July–August 1845 issue of the Democratic Review, O’Sullivan published an essay entitled “Annexation”, which called on the U.S. to admit the Republic of Texas into the Union.
6
Q
Who introduced the Open Door policy?
A
John Hay
7
Q
What is the Open Door policy?
A
These Open Door Notes aimed to secure international agreement to the U.S. policy of promoting equal opportunity for international trade and commerce in China, and respect for China’s administrative and territorial integrity. British and American policies toward China had long operated under similar principles, but once Hay put them into writing, the “Open Door” became the official U.S. policy towards the Far East in the first half of the 20th century.
8
Q
What did Roosevelt believe in?
A
- Holding the biggest stick- Acting as the world’s policeman
9
Q
What policy did Woodrow Wilson promote?
A
Liberal internationalism
10
Q
What did Franklin Roosevelt promulgate?
A
National Security
11
Q
What did George F Kennan promote?
A
Containment, following the Long Telegram
12
Q
Post-Cold War theorists and policies
A
Bill Clinton, Tony Lake, Madeleine Albright, and globalization: engagement, enlargement, liberal interventionism, and R2P (1993-2000)
13
Q
What does R2P mean?
A
Responsibility to Protect – UN 2005 – all member states to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
14
Q
Who were part of the National Security League - NSL?
A
Grew due to strong investment from Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Guggenhiem, and Carnegie - by 1918- 85000 members. Did not disband postwar, sought to continue motion of protecting “Americanism”
15
Q
What was the Caroline test?
A
the necessity for preemptive self-defense must be “instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation”
16
Q
In this regard, what could be said of FDR’s foreign policy?
A
An extension of the Caroline standard
17
Q
what are the different types of internationalism? (6)
A
- Liberal
- Interwar
- Cold War
- Cultural
- Economic
- Labour
Term is essentially used without close definition
18
Q
What could be said about isolationism?
A
Isolationism is a charged term / unilateralism may be said to be a better term
19
Q
What terms are often problematically implemented?
A
internationalism, interventionism, globalism, globalisation, Wilsonianism, imperialism, transnationalism, hegemonism
20
Q
What is the benefit of the term unilateralism?
A
One major analytical advantage to the use of the term unilateralism (as with non- interventionism) is that the strand can again be traced beyond World War II: isolationism may have died with World War II, but unilateralism certainly did not
21
Q
Apply unilateralism to Bush
A
Before 9/11…
- Bush signalled the American withdrawal from the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty,
- Failed to ratify the Kyoto treaty on the environment
- Failed to provide US recognition of the International Criminal Court.
22
Q
Who was George Kennan?
A
Leading exponent of an approach to foreign policy ideology thet might be best tabled pejorative - inappropriate moralism and legalism was the defining approach of America to international affairs.
23
Q
What did William Appleman Williams state?
A
The open door ideology was central to the understanding of ascendant American in world affairs - it set America at odds with revolutionary regimes - Mexico, Russia and China
24
Q
What informed foreign policy? (Adas)
A
Racial pretensions: Though whites often disagreed on aspects of the “Negro question,” sometimes emotionally so, they nonetheless agreed almost universally on the fundamental issue of white supremacy and black inferiority.
25
Describe the racial ladder
The idea of a racial hierarchy proved particularly attractive because it offered a ready and useful conceptual handle on the world. It was reassuringly hardy and stable in a changing world. Latinos mid-way on the racial ladder, Asians were intolerable – subhuman.
26
What also was formative of foreign policy decisions?
Religious and racial pretensions:
* Secretary of State John Quincy Adams agreed. Latin Americans, 1821, "*have not the first elements of good or free government. Arbitrary power, military and ecclesiastical, was stamped upon their education, upon their habits, and upon all their institutions.*" The somnolent populations of that region, debilitated by their heritage and enervated by a tropical climate, neglected their rich natural resources, while the Catholic faith lulled them into intellectual passivity. "A priest-ridden people," Jefferson had predicted in 1813, were beyond "maintaining a free civil government."
27
How did European observers filter their view of China?
European observers who filtered imperial China though the soft haze of their Enlightenment preconceptions. From a distance China appeared an ancient civilization whose cultured people and achievements in the fine arts and benevolently despotic government gave much to admire. But alongside this positive view prevalent among the American elite, there developed another strain of thought that was critically condescending toward a people who did not embrace free trade, who suspiciously held foreigners under control, and who followed pagan rites and such immoral practices as infanticide and polygamy. A 1784 geography embracing this latter view described the Chinese as "the most dishonest, low, thieving people in the world.'
28
What impact had race thinking had upon ethnocentric notions?
Race thinking, widely retailed in properly impressive pseudoscientific terms, had given added plausibility to an older ethnocentric notion of Anglo solidarity and superiority
29
What is Jeffersonian internationalism?
A belief centred on self-determination
30
What could be said of Roosevelt's stance towards the Chinese problem?
Race thinking, widely retailed in properly impressive pseudoscientific terms, had given added plausibility to an older ethnocentric notion of Anglo solidarity and superiority
31
What triggered a change in the opinion of Americans toward immigration?
As more and more Americans came to believe they needed protection form the threat of immigrant invaders, more also became convinced that they needed a new way of governing immigration.
32
What impact had trade interests on discriminatory action in the US?
Fearful of the treatment of the Chinese of Americans in China, officials resisted restriction of Chinese nationals in the US. Equally, in 1906, Japan came to a gentleman’s agreement with Roosevelt, agreeing to prohibit further emigration for the protection of Japanese in San Francisco
33
What did the Hart-Celler Immigration Reform Act, 1965 do?
Eliminated the national-origins quotas - constituted a radical departure from the past - "opened the floodgates" to a new "immigration invasion"
34
What is the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations?
An organisation centred on diplomatic history
35
What are the developments in the field of diplomatic history?
- More international approach- Emphasis on culture and identity- Renewed engagement with ideology
36
What happened in the 1980s?
- Cultural turn invigorated interest in foreign policy from different angles, which had previously been the domain of solely diplomatic historians.
37
What happened from the 1990s onwards?
- Trend towards internationalising research - Trend towards decentralising America - Westad champions through enviable multiliguistic analysis
38
What has Jeremy Suri noted about American orientalism?
One group of scholars argues that American orientalism continued European imperialist paternalism before and after World War II, while another school questions the very framework of the Cold War because it mutes the agency of Third World peoples.
39
Thompson, John A. - A Sense of Power: The Roots of America's Global Role (1)
1. WWI brought about two changes in American foreign policy – rejection of abstention, and massive and effective projection of national power overseas. These developments proved short lived – army was demobilised and the swollen budge was slimmed down and active participation in Europe was not sustained. Wilsonian internationalism vision was not fully realised, however could be argued that economically America continued its outreach around the world. Exports to the Allies increased fourfold.
40
Johnstone, Andrew - Isolationism and Internationalism in American Foreign Relations
1. Isolationism is part of the DNA of USSR foreign relations
2. Internationalism has been abused as a term, to the extent it lacks meaning
3. Considerably diminished in the short term by involvement in World War II and the Cold War, the non-interventionist strand in US foreign policy never completely disappeared and can be seen in the questioning of US involvement in Cold War conflicts, most notably Vietnam.’
4. End of CW supercharged internationalist sentiment, this was however stymied by 9/11.
5. Internationalism is tied to Wilsonian Liberalism.
6. Non-interventionism would be a better descriptor for the period - "But non-interventionism is not merely useful in analysing the inter-war years. The concerns of Americans who sought to avoid wars not in American interests can be traced throughout history. From the nation’s very beginnings, it was clear that one of the reasons for an anti-interventionist outlook was, in the words of Manfred Jonas, ‘to safeguard the independence of a new and weak nation by avoiding, whenever possible, involvement in the military and political affairs of the major powers’."
7. This non-interventionist stance with respect to major European powers held good for much of the nineteenth century. The United States showed interest in but largely remained aloof from transatlantic affairs.
41
Hunt, Michael H. - Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy
1- American response to the situation in Europe also racialised. Great sympathy for British cousins, indifference to the Holocaust. 2- FDR admired Wilson, however equally admired power and political manoeuvre. Was not as dogmatic, could be inconsistent. Did not intially come to power with any foreign policy intent. 3- Truman intently racial in policy –Japs were merciless, French were frogeaters, Slavics were bohunks, British were honourable.
42
Atwood
Triumphalism sees intervention in Asia and Africa as the roadway to democracy/ roadblock to communism
43
Little
– US-Israeli Relationship cemented by June 1967 victory over Abdel Nasser’s Egypt. US feared SU infleunce in Middle East. Kissinger attempt to shut out Russians in Arab-Israeli peace process reduced the euphoria of détente. Good intentions/ Bad outcomes vis-à-vis ME.
44
Brigham
Traditional VP: Vietnam= US hubris and arrogance, primarily due to Schell, Buttinger, Shaplen, Kahin
45
Berman
Nixon and Kissinger wanted a peace agreement that Hanoi would violate, to make war justifiable – Watergate obscured this.
46
Suri
Kissinger attempted US extraction without violating US peace and honour
47
Rabe
World remained in zero-sum game with Détente
48
Cardwell
NSC-68 – militarily, economically, politically, culturally important. Gaddis as ‘dean of cold war historians’. Most historians agree, however, that both sides at times found it expedient to ignore ideology when key political or economic interests were at stake ultimately bringing into question the degree to which ideology mattered.
49
Zubok
Khrushchev as more ideological than Stalin Borstelmann, Dudziak, Von Eschen, Krenn, Plummer - intersection of race and the Cold War,both in the US and in its relations with the world.
50
Rotter
Debate on the bomb prominent in 1960s and revived in 1990s with Enola Gay memorial site. 80s opinion considered the bombt to be a masculinity complex thing
51
Alperovitz
Bomb used for diplomatic purposes – to intimidate USSR.
52
Bernstein
1986 - American deaths upon the entry to war with Japan would have totalled 46,000, probably lower - much less than the 100,000s claimed by Truman as the price of not using the atomic bomb - this was thus recast as an attempt to assert the moral virtue of the nation.
53
Borstelmann, Thomas - The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena
Anti-Japanese vitriol pervaded American life between 1941 and 1945, along with the assumption that "Japanese-ness" was an innate, racially determined quality that requiredguarding against by quarantining all its genetic carriers. This racial coding of the Pacific war troubled African Americans. The arbitrary nature of white racial thinking disgusted one Harlem resident: "All these radio announcers talking about yellow this, yellow that. Don't hear them calling the Nazis white this, pink that. What the hell color do they think the Chinese are anyway! And those Filipinos on Bataan! And the British Imperial Army, I suppose they think they're all blondes?" Fighting a war with nonwhite enemies and allies forced American authorities to try to educate the public about distinguishing "good Asians" (Filipinos, Chinese, Indians) from "bad Asians"
54
Adas - Dominance By Design
1. Carnegie's conviction that America had surpassed its industrial rivals implicitly affirmed material advance as a measure of a society's level of civilized development. And this assumption was widely shared by diplomats, merchants, and missionaries engaged in America's efforts to revitalize the ancient societies of China and Japan. Knowledgeable observers conceded that both these cultures had historicallydisplayed considerable aptitude for technological innovation.2. Protestant missionaries became major agents for the transfer of the American version of modern civilization to China, and in roughly the same time span, to Hawaii. In the decades before the Civil War, more than 40 percent of American Protestant missionaries were serving onIndian reservations (10 percent), in Hawaii (20 percent), or in China (nearly 13 percent). By the end of the century, more than 80 percent of the Protestant missionaries assigned overseas were proselytizing in China.
55
Kinross, Walker
1. As the American economy grew and the United States gained international influence, policymakers began to confuse these core values with newer values that reflected the demands a capitalism. 2. George W Bush - a "palpable rejection of the rule of law by the executive branch".
56
Anders Stephenson
Anders Stephenson - American exceptionalism and providential mission tied to Manifest Destiny
57
Tony Smith
liberal democratic internationalism - 20th century device with which the US projected abroad the lessons of its own democratic experience to quell chaos and conflict
58
Mark Stoler
In Allies in War, a Wilsonian current ran through negotiations on grand strategy and post-World War II planning even as the Soviets, Americans, and British? their belief systems clearly divergent dealt with the realities of battle during the war.
59
Erez Manela
Analysis of Versailles from the Egyptian, Indian, Chinese and Korean perspective, with the impact of Wilsonianism on those excluded from the high table
60
Jay Sexton
Transnational, transatlantic networks of financial firms gave London, as well as Wall Street, leverage over Confederate and Union diplomacy
61
Andrew Rotter
Internationalises the atomic bombing go Hiroshima by explaining not only how a group of global scientists developed the weapon under American supervision, but the global consequence of this decision.
62
Frank Costigliola
Postmodernist - Diplomatic rhetoric was laden with emotions that expressed underlying intent. Notions of patriarchy embedded in foreign policy discourse. Russia was presented as hypermasculine, psychopathic rapists, beyond the pale of reason, and bent on penetrating the vulnerable American dependent "family" of Western Europe
63
Kristin Hoganson
War with Spain in 1898 was a response to the bourgeois flaccidity that had come to plague the country due to the closing of the frontier, the domestication of men, and the supposedly emasculating political activism of women.
64
Robert Dean
JFK - Ideology as Masculinity - countered perceived impotence abroad and a declining democratic resolve at home caused by decadent US consumer habits. gender studies has linked the domestic to the international, indicating ways that gender is integral to the making of diplomatic culture at home and, ultimately, to the creation of policies by government leaders.
65
Dennis Merrill and Thomas Paterson
Prefer the term "American foreign relations" to describe the field because "it explains the totality of interactions economic, cultural, political, military, environmental, and more among peoples, organizations, states, and systems.
66
Alan Dawley
Cold War liberals counterposed internationalism to isolationism, which, in their view, had led to the blunder of Senate rejection of the League of Nations in 1919 and to the still worse American complicity in the appeasement of Hitler at Munich.
67
Andrew Johnstone
- Isolationism is part of the DNA of US foreign relations - Internationalism has been abused as a term, to the extent it lacks meaning
68
What is Andrew Johnson's alternative to isolationism?
- Non-interventionism would be a better descriptor for the period - "But non-interventionism is not merely useful in analysing the inter-war years. The concerns of Americans who sought to avoid wars not in American interests can be traced throughout history. From the nation’s very beginnings, it was clear that one of the reasons for an anti-interventionist outlook was, in the words of Manfred Jonas, ‘to safeguard the independence of a new and weak nation by avoiding, whenever possible, involvement in the military and political affairs of the major powers’."
69
What premise is traceable throughout the period of history?
"One major analytical advantage to the use of the term unilateralism (as with non- interventionism) is that the strand can again be traced beyond World War II: isolationism may have died with World War II, but unilateralism certainly did not."
70
Examples of unilateralism in pre-9/11 Bush
"Indeed, the concept was clearly resurgent in the administrations of George W. Bush. Within his first year, even before 9/11, Bush signalled the American withdrawal from the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty, and failed to ratify the Kyoto treaty on the environment, and US recognition of the International Criminal Court."
71
What dangers lie in a term such as isolationist?
There is little doubt that the continued use and effectiveness of ‘isolationist’ as a political slur has contributed to the lasting value of it as a term of analysis, especially in popular understanding of US foreign policy.
72
What undermines 1920s isolationism?
America's stance as the world's biggest creditorAmerica's role in facilitating the Washington Armaments Conference (1921) - leading to 5 Power TreatySigning the Kellogg-Briand PactAmerica intervened in the Nicaragua 1927 civil warHoover - 10 nation goodwill tour in Latin America, 1928
73
What does support isolationism?
The Clark Memorandum 1928, which rejected the Roosevelt Corollary and maintained that the US could not use Monroe to intervene in the Western hemisphere.Neutrality Acts - 1935 - preventing American ships from being attacked due to European tensions
74
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What characterised the EU-US relationship in 1970s?
Not a focus on foreign policy concerns, but severe trade competition and economic jealousy dominated America's relations
75
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What motivated US policy towards the EU in the 1970s and 1980s?
Transatlantic mistrust + preoccupation with US economic competitiveness and global standing. This drove the EU towards deeper integration - through the likes of a European Monetary System and the Single European Act
76
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
How did the 1970s/80s US approach contrast the 1950s approach?
1950s was characterised by America's enthusiastic support for European reconstruction and unification.
Desired the full reintegration of West Germany, to ultimately make Konrad Adenauer a more or less equal sovereign power.
The eventual unification of Europe was not only to ensure a permanent peace and well-being on the continent, but it would safeguard American prosperity.
77
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
How did the US attempt to bolster the security sphere of Europe?
Under Kennedy and Johnson, the US attempted to make Europeans feel part of the nuclear decision-making process - i.e. the sea-based Multilateral Force project
78
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
When and why did the US undergo a 'deep identity crisis'?
Aftershock of Vietnam and Watergate + the accumulation of a considerable balance of payments deficit, alongside a trade deficit, inflationary problems, unemployment and stagnant wages.
IT was also concerned the the rise of a global detente, which made European dependency on the US increasingly light. (this was esp. felt toward Ostpolitik)
79
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What was John Connally's position (Secretary of the Treasury) towards Europe?
American action had to be taken 'to screw the Europeans before they screw us'
80
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
How did the US diverge from Europe on Yom-Kippur?
Washington readily backed the Israelis - Europe was hesitant.
Unlike the US, the EEC was strongly tied to Arab countries in the region - esp. through energy and economics.
81
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What change did Carter undergo, even prior to the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979?
"Carter underwent a transformation from apostle of detente to rigid cold warrior (prior to Reagan - important)
82
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
How did Reagan move away from a NATO-centric defence policy?
The SDI project, though never achieved, proposed a solution which would invalidate the nuclear threat of the USSR. Reagan therefore had no need to bolster NATO, nor did increasing connections between the GDR and FRG contribute to economic sympathies.
83
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What did Europeans oppose in the 1980s (RE: US FP)
Nicaragua, Middle East, Irangate
The US opposed the protectionist direction of the European Common Agricultural Policy
84
**Klaus Larres |** Torn between Idealism and Egotism - The US & EU
What did the multilateral trade negotiations in Tokyo, 1979 demonstrate?
US need to court the support of the EEC - demonstration of the limits of American power.
85
What were the qualitative factors driving forward US FP?
* US as a ‘city on a hill’: new Israel/Jerusalem. Ronald Reagan; ‘shining city on a hill’ (1989 farewell address: extreme version of American exceptionalism)
* America as a redeemer nation. (apparent in Gast’s painting). Given rise to the sense that the US is a promised land and a crusader state. It is on a mission to redeem the world. Bringing the world to progress even if they don’t want it.
* Manifest destiny; idea goes back to 1600s – America has a God-given right to expand, but with that right comes responsibility. It has a duty to spread progress and civilisation across the continent. Saturated the language of humanitarian and interventionism. About redeeming America as well as the world. Expressed by Kenneth Wherry in 1940 (see handout).
86
Thomas Zeilzer
What has been the defining features of US foreign relations studies since 1990s?
THOMAS ZEILZER
1. **Multi-disciplinary approach** - removing agency from diplomatic historians
2. US Imperialism in Asia and South America - technology, immigration, investment and trade - **dollars not bullets**
3. **Gender emergent as deprived theme** - only as missionaries, activists and spousal advisors.
87
JULIAN ZEILZER
What is the core focus of Julian's investigation?
The growing importance of national security - which blossomed in WWII and the cold war with the formation of the CIA, NSC, NSA etc.
88
What does Julian Zeizler reject from Arthur Vandenberg?
The notion that politics stops at the water's edge - contrastingly, foreign policy of growing importance to the electorate.
89
Julian Zeilzer
What precedent was set by Truman in Korea?
Engagement in a foreign conflict without the permission of congress - this power would eventually be removed after Nixon withdraws from Vietnam
90
Julian Zeilzer
What role does Congress play in this equation (CW)?
The establishment of HUAC - House Un-American Activities Committee - McCarthyite
91
Where, according to Julian Zeilzer, did the Democrats and Republicans sit in terms of Hawkishness?
* Democrats vascilated between liberal intervention and questioning of military functions + surveillance
* Republicans more staunchly Hawkish
92
Andrew Preston - Monsters Everywhere
What did Johnson vow, what does it signal about US motivations?
Americans "will always oppose the effort of one nation to conquer another nation. We will do this because our own security is at stake".
Showing the conceptualisation of US national security on a global plane.
93
Andrew Preston
What is seen to be core to LBJ's understanding of Vietnam
Vietnam was seen as of vital significance - seen from the memoirs of McPherson
"Logically, it followed from this view that the stakes in Vietnam were so great as to warrant almost any American effort to secure them"
94
Andrew Preston
What was the concept of free security?
Geographical blessing of little to no threat
"On the north and south, she had weak neighbours, to the east and west, fish"
95
Andrew Preston
What weakened notions of free security?
1890s - nascent globalisation - contraction of the world. Intensifying communication and transport developments increased threat perception.
96
Andrew Preston
What was a grassroots form of national security interest?
The national security league - emergent in WWI - popular support for integral security interests.
97
**Andrew Preston**
What was Roosevelt complicit in doing?
Stoking insecurity domestically, to motivate support for national security programmes in the face of anti-interventionists - Hoover, Bemis, Beard.
This would ultimatley gain bipartisan support in post-CW era.
The acceleration of globalisation made Nazi Germany more of a threat than Wilhelmine Germany.
98
Johnstone, Andrew
What has happened to the term 'internationalism'?
severely absued, lost tangible meaning.
Internationalism surged in significance post-CW, stymied by 9/11
99
Andrew Johnstone
What happened to the strand of isolationism in US FP?
Disappears after WWII, though some use as critique of CW and Vietnam
100
Andrew Johnstone
What was a better descriptor for the period?
"Non-interventionism"
Has a chartable course throughout the entirety of US history - from conception. Was initally a policy which was to defend a fragile, weak nation.
**Manfred Jonas** - "to safeguard the independence of a new and weak nation by avoiding, whenever possible, invovlement in the military and political affairs of the major powers"
101
Andrew Johnstone
What could be said of early years' non-interventionism?
* Significant interest in foreign affairs, however remained aloof from transatlantic affairs.
102
Donna Gabaccia
What are the key points raised in Gabaccia's analysis?
1. Historio: diplomatic historians focused on nongovernmental actors, immigration historians on transatlantic histories
2. Immigrants were stripped of international identity - "E pluribus unum" - pressured to conform to new American ways. Consider Ford's melting pot, and 100% American WWI campaigns
3. 19th century inflow from Europe made easier by racial conformity, also seen as method of intensifying communication between nations to encourage trade.
103
Susan Brewer
What has been the line of continuity between McKinley to Bush?
"the chief message has been that Americans must defeat the enemy in order to create a safer, more prosperous world in which freedom and democracy will thrive"
104
Susan Brewer
What was an unintended side-effect of WWI?
Mobilisation of the propaganda industry in the US - via the Committee of Public Information (CPI). Had 75,000 volunteers - Four Minute Men
Major propaganda themes:
1. Loyality
2. Patriotism
3. Devotion to the Nation
4. Anti-hyphenation
105
Susan Brewer
What is known as the Forgotten War?
the Korean War - Failed to live up to official narrative
106
Susan Brewer
What was the information approach taken to Vietnam?
1. Low key campaign of public information - information would be enough to gain support, but not enoguh to drive mass mobilisation.
2. This was the plan outlined by **Rostow**
107
Michael Adas - Dominance By Design
What role did the Protestant missionary play in the American project?
Protestant missionaries became major agents for the transfer of the American version of modern civilization to **China**, and in roughly the same time span, to **Hawaii**. In the decades before the Civil War, more than 40% in **Indian Reservations, Hawaii** (20%), **China** (13%).
By end of 19th century, 80% operating in China.
108
Emily Rosenberg
What is Rosenberg's contribution?
The ideology of liberal-developmentalism - justified the US rise to power. The universal model for world uplift would include:
* Embrace of free markets - goods, services, information, cultural
Dollar diplomats - bankers who extended loans - were not imperial actors. In mass culture, international affairs projected through white lens. For African Americans, it came through churches and other intstitutions - different dialogues.
109
What point should be tackled?
The hagiography surrounding the likes of John Quincy Adams, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson - pronouncements are limited in their ability to account for actions in a country completely transformed by industrialisation.
