German Racial Policy

Question 1

How many Russians were murdered by Nazis domestically?

Answer 1

1. 2.6 million killed thorugh mistreatment/ starvation2. 1942, Order Police Battalion 310 ordered to destroy 3 villages – Borki, Zabloitse and Borysovka – surprised and killed all populations. Later reassigned to liquidate in a work camp.

Question 2

How many Jews died?

Answer 2

• 5.4 million Jews died under German occupation – nearly 50% east of the Molotov-Rippentrop line, usually by bullets

Question 3

What is a polycratic structure?

Answer 3

The notion that there were several nodes of power within the Reich, owing to the disintegration of the normal state apparatus in the 1930s

Question 4

What is Modified Structuralism?

Answer 4

The ‘modified structuralism’ approach to Nazism, which is currently the dominant approach in research on the Third Reich,40 should expand the scope of its research to the period before 1933 by bringing under its scrutiny Nazi activity vis-a-vis the Jews in the Weimar period.

Question 5

Describe Nazi Antisemitism

Answer 5

Not dominant force in Germany till later 19th century – due to taboo, religious contradictions, cultural dichotomies. Far more potent in Vienna prewar. Immediate postwar saw radical anti-Semitic mass movements – Deutschvolkischer Schutz und Trutz-Bund. 20s saw the gradual assimilation of anti-Semitic discourse. Ostjuden popular target during the 20s for unprovoked attacks. Remember: Jews were one of many enemies of Nazis. Antisemitism of members cannot account for later events of 1930s – prior was marginal in German society – was not a dominant aspect of promoted Nazi policy.

Question 6

What is Fuhrerbefehl?

Answer 6

Direct order from Hitler. None related to the Holocaust was found

Question 7

What is Gleichschaltung?

Answer 7

Nazification of the German state and society post March 1933

Question 8

What is Volkstod?

Answer 8

The death of the German race

Question 9

What is cumulative radicalisation?

Answer 9

Term formed by Mommsen to support the functionalist framework;The death of the German race.

Question 10

Describe Lebensraum

Answer 10

1 Policy of expanding German territory to the East, reclaiming former German Empire territory, in order to have adequate living space to permit the flourishing of a German Aryan volk.2 Drew from earlier concepts promoted in 1890s.3 Classification of peoples ranged from Volsdeutsche (ethnically German), Deutschstammige (of German descent), Eingedeutsche (voluntarily Germanised), Ruckgedeutschte (forcibly Germanised)4 Policy became clear with the Hossbach Memorandum of 19475 Following the razing of Soviet cities, “pearls of settlement” in the form of utopian farming communities creating a bounty of food for Europe would be established.

Question 11

What is ‘Banality of Evil’

Answer 11

1 Hannah Ardent – destruction of human life was part of regressive bureaucracy which normalised atrocities to the degree that it was just another job like any other. This was often linked to Rudolf Höss, who was able to combine the business of mass murder with other pursuits including ‘German Order’ and hygiene.

Question 12

What are the ‘volk’?

Answer 12

1 Nationalistic bind between a single racial ‘people’, which is highly exclusionary and aggressively assertive of defined characteristics which constitute membership of the ‘volk’, from genetic, cultural, linguistic and historical connections.

Question 13

What are the Herrenvolk?

Answer 13

1. Literally, the “master race” – the top of the racial hierarchy; thus the Aryan population constituting the true members of the Volksgemeinschaft

Question 14

What is the ‘Working Towards the Fuhrer’ theory?

Answer 14

1. Kershaw – the fuel behind cumulative radicalisation – a motion which suggests that officials beneath Hitler vied for power by demonstrating ever greater fealty to the nation and the Fuhrer, resulting in a spiralling of policy to evolve into the most radical and Nazified status possible.2. Mommsen contests that there exists a consensus in historical circles that Hitler advocated cumulative radicalisation of persecution and this attitude acted as a legitimation.

Question 15

What is the New Order Paradox?

Answer 15

1 State disintegration substantial during war in Germany – delineation of duty was replaced by uncoordinated and untrammelled forces of competing power groups – by March 1943, issues of a leadership crisis were evident to Goebbels. Hitler was pivotal to the regime but at the same time was not a competent nor functional entity in a unified administration – self-destructive. Hitler was ‘irreplaceable’ to Nazism, compounded by the fact he remained allergic to any form of constraint – the deposition of Mussolini in 1943 by the Fascist Grand Council was indicative of this.

Question 16

What is Charismatic Leadership?

Answer 16

1. A model of leadership encompassing rule driven by the personal amiability of the leader. This is a Weberian concept which sits alongside bureaucratic and traditional.

Question 17

What was Nazi racial policy?

Answer 17

1. Scientifically driven concept of racial supremacy which sought the sterilisation and extermination of ‘Untermenschen’ “sub-humans”. Primary targets included:o Jewso Romaniso European non-Nordics – Slavs, Poles, Serbs, Russians2. Aryans constituted the Nordic populations, and due heritage from the Teutonic line.

Question 18

What were the main concentration camps?

Answer 18

1 Auschwitz2 Chelmno3 Belzec4 Sobibor5 Treblinka 6 Majdanek

Question 19

What role did SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhardt Heydrich play?

Answer 19

Key architect of the Holocaust; proponent and embodiment of cumulative radicalisation. He helped organise Kristallnacht, a series of co-ordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938. The attacks, carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians, presaged the Holocaust. Upon his arrival in Prague, Heydrich sought to eliminate opposition to the Nazi occupation by suppressing Czech culture and deporting and executing members of the Czech resistance. He was directly responsible for the Einsatzgruppen, the special task forces which traveled in the wake of the German armies and murdered over two million people, including 1.3 million Jews, by mass shooting and gassing.

Question 20

What role did Heinrich Himmler play?

Answer 20

Succeeded for gasping the extremes of the Nazi utopias that operated within Hitler’s mind, even as Hitler’s will faced the most determined resistance from the world outside. Prestige suffered little from the faiures of the lightning victory and the Hunger Plan, which were the responsibility of the Wehrmacht and the economic authorities. Dispatched Waffen-SS to kill entire communities including women and children in order to brutalise men. This fell under the pacification of the occupied territories.

Question 21

Who was Arthur de Gobineau?

Answer 21

Race supremacist, influential to Nazi thought – published works included a four-volume series called ‘An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races’, written between 1853 and 1855. Other key supremacist theorists include: Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz, Madison Grant, Hans FK Günther

Question 22

What role did Odilo Globocnik play?

Answer 22

Austrian SS, in charge of the Polish wing of the Holocaust - Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec.

Question 23

What role did Erich Koch play?

Answer 23

Nazi Gauleiter, operating also as Reichkommissariat Ukraine 1941-43. Famous quote, from March ‘43

Question 24

Who were the SS Einsatzgruppen?

Answer 24

Russian division of SS which took charge of constructing an industrial method of liquidate the European Jewry.

Question 25

Who were the Trawlinki Men?

Answer 25

Non-Germans – mainly Soviet Ukrainians, who were selected relatively arbitrarily, utilised by Globocnik to operate the concentration camps in Poland. Operated specifically in Belzec, which proved to be a more efficient system than in Chelmno, which relied mainly on gas vans. Belzec eliminated the need for vans by having dedicated engines for producing carbon monoxide – rather than the smaller van system.

Question 26

Detail the Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring, 1933

Answer 26

Permitted the compulsory sterilisation of any citizen deemed unworthy by the Genetic Health Court. By end of regime, had sterilised 400,000. Succeeded by Aktion T4.

Question 27

Detail the Jewish Boycott 1933

Answer 27

Nazis encouraged the boycotting of Jewish businesses in order to encourage the movement of Jews from Germany. Was not successful - lasted for one day

Question 28

Detail the Nuremburg Laws 1935

Answer 28

1 Racial policy on Jews included, preventing marriage and restriction on citizenship. Existed a compromise between radical party circles and civil servants in the Ministry of the Interior – curtailment of citizenship rights was bought on the proviso that economic persecution and sanctity of property was maintained2 NSDAP responded negatively to the mildness of Nuremburg Laws. A definitive regulation of the legal status of Jews never occurred.

Question 29

Detail Kristallnacht 1938

Answer 29

1 Significant national pogrom led by SA and civilians. 91 murdered, though potentially much higher.2 1000 synagogues burned, 7000 businesses destroyed. 3 General population responded negatively – did not like the destruction of property4 Instigated following the assassination of Ernst vom Rath by Polish Jew Herschel Grynszpan

Question 30

Detail the Madagascar Plan 1940

Answer 30

Proposal, promoted by Himmler up to Barbarossa, was the deporting of Jews to Madagascar, a Final Territorial Solution. Effectively tantamount to genocide, however resource shortage made such a proposal unviable.

Question 31

Detail Aktion T4 (5)

Answer 31

1. Under the programme certain German physicians were authorized to select patients "deemed incurably sick, after most critical medical examination" and then administer to them a "mercy death" (Gnadentod) 2. Authorised by Hitler, but backdated, permitting Philipp Bouhler and Dr. Brandt to execute Gnadentod.3. Ran between 1939 and 1941, in asylums and psychiatric hospitals, leading to 70,273 deaths.4. Methods and technology developed was taken over by the Reich Interior Ministry, and redeployed under Operation Reinhard. In particular, gas vans were a popular addition.5. T4 Began unofficially in 1938, when Hitler instructed his personal physician, Karl Brandt, to evaluate a family's petition for the "mercy killing" of their blind, physically and developmentally disabled boy (Gerhard Kretschmar).

Question 32

What was Operation Reinhard? (2)

Answer 32

1. Codename of project to exterminate Polish Jews – the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.2. Two million killed, primarily through Zyklon-B.

Question 33

What happened during the Wannsee Conference, Jan 42?

Answer 33

Did not possess the sign-off of Hitler, was not attended by Hitler, nor Himmler. Typewriter used to type letter instructing Heydrich to begin planning for Final Solution was typed using a Reich Main Security Office typewriter, suggesting letter was written by Heydrich himself (due to bespoke SS character).

Question 34

What was the Generalplan Out?

Answer 34

Plan, formulated between 1941-5, to conduct ethnic cleanising and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe. Detailed the enslavement, expulsion and mass-murder of Eastern Europeans.

Question 35

What was Operation Cottbus 1943?

Answer 35

Towns burned north of Minsk. Reports thereafter that dogs and swine in the days and weeks after would be seen with burned human limbs in their jaws. Anecdotes like this were significant in the affinity of brutality surrounding the Holocaust, criticized by some historians.

Question 36

What was significant about the trial of Adolf Eichmann?

Answer 36

1. Trial in 1960s, seen as regular German – maintained regular, bureaucratic function, however ultimately signed-off genocide. Contributed to the notion of Banality of Evil.2. “Terrifyingly and terribly normal” – desk murderer

Question 37

Detail the significance of the Milgram Experiments

Answer 37

The Milgram experiments were seen as a sociological experiment which could justify the propensity to obey authority figures, deferring conscience to senior figures even when causing severe injury and distress

Question 38

What is the basis of structuralism/ functionalism?

Answer 38

Highlights escalation in the measures of persecution against the Jews consistent with the interplay between the pressures of extremist groups in the Nazi party and the subsequent moves of the regime. Difficult to suggest that illegal spontaneous

Question 39

What is the basis of intentionalism?

Answer 39

Argument, part of the straight road to Auschwitz theory, which contends that Hitler had a defined roadmap for achieving a considered racial agenda - principally through the extermination of European Jewry

Question 40

What similarities exist between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in regards to leadership style?

Answer 40

1980s saw general trend to attempt to relativise the barbarism of the Nazi regime with the Soviet, with the common ground being the totalitarian nature of the states Kershaw rejects this platform, leaning more towards the notion of a Sonderweg, even if unpopular

Question 41

Historian: Ian Kershaw (Working Toward the Fuhrer) (6)

Answer 41

- Rejects similarities between Stalin and Hitler, on the basis that:1. Stalin arose within a system, and was quintessentially a man of the machine. Hitler was aloof from the system, and anti-bureaucratic.2. Stalin was an interventionist dictator – monopolising decision making. Hitler was non-interventionist – instead more ‘delphic’ and verbal – chairing few formal or cabinet meetings3.Hitler was structurally more secure – Führer cult/ Hitler myth central whereas Stalin had competitors4. Stalin had a ‘great retreat’ from radicalism whereas cumulative radicalisation was more common under Nazis The Nazi movement was a classic ‘charismatic’ leadership movement – the Soviet Communist party was not.- Holocaust not possible without Hitler

Question 42

Why is Kershaw's account relatively more convincing?

Answer 42

- Takes accounts from Hitler’s Lammers and adjutants to verify his argument – relatively sound- Argument of security of leadership undermined by steps such as the night of the long knives

Question 43

\* Hans Mommsen (The Realisation of the Unthinkable) (3)(- Leader in the mode of thought contributing to the notion of ‘cumulative radicalisation’. A staunch advocate of structuralist thought.)

Answer 43

1- Identifies the moderation of policies such as the Nuremburg laws2- Nazis were ‘unscrupulously determined to outdo one another in implementing national socialist policies, and thus to please the Führer”3- Civil service, which was incorporated into the Nazi state, remained highly conservative – resisting a significant amount of the radicalism behind Nazism.4- A contributing factor to this was the introduction of Judenreferate (sections for Jewish affairs) into each government department from 1933

Question 44

Timothy Synder, Bloodlands (- American historian, expert on Eastern Europe- Attraction to promoting the brutality of the Holocaust- Structuralist)

Answer 44

1- Hitler spoke generally about the need for greater living space, he never made quite clear to German farmer that he expected them to migrate n large numbers to the east2- Stalin and Hitler had the same basic answer to the question of surviving as a land based power – large territory3- Göring also had the intention of using collective farming to starve out Russians – killing millions – to purposefully emulate the famine in Russia during 1933. – Hunger Plan was formulated in 1941. This was similar to the plan by Kaganovich, who attempted to use starvation against the Germans. Wehrmacht did not follow original plan but used whenever appropriate. Wehrmacht did not strictly follow Hitler, but found utility in seeing humans as ‘containers of calories –initially had moral issue, but happy to defer to moral claims of leaders when appropriate.4- Hunger Plan transformed perceptions of Jews from humans into surplus populations of useless eaters.5- Murder was more chaotically exercised in Russia, ad hoc6- Auschwitz was used to intimidate the Polish population7- Belief in the malleability of the project – Generalplan Ost quickly moulded to the starvation and deportation plan in effect East.

Question 45

Dan Stone, The Historiography of the Holocaust (3)

Answer 45

- Cautions the ‘archetype of evil’ surrounding the Holocaust- Role of antisemitism often ignored- The regime’s polycratic structure was the prerequisite for Hitler’s monocratic power – Bracher considers a divide and rule strategy

Question 46

Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men Reserve Police Battalion 101

Answer 46

1- Decision making process behind the Holocaust2- Few ‘ordinary men’ struggled to adapt to the process of genocide3- Moral continuum exists between a territorial final solution and the final solution (countering arguments about intentionalism)4- Alcohol supplied to Einsatzgruppen involved in Jew massacres – reduced psychological burden5- PB 101- the ‘dregs’ of society – not ideal Nazis6-Zimbardo experiments – show ease of social modelling (Prison experiment – validity contestable)

Question 47

Richard J Evans, The Third Reich at War (2)

Answer 47

- Task Force C murdered 33,771 Jews in a few days in Oct 1941 Babi Yar. Kovno also site of local mass execution- Discovery of Zyklon –B was accidental – found whilst cleaning (killed a nearby cat)

Question 48

Bloxham and Kushner, The Holocaust (4)

Answer 48

1- Bloxham – Holocaust consciousness formed by memories of Eichmann and trials, alongside living testimony curated by Yad Vashem2- Erotificaton of Nazism’s sadomasochistic tendencies has distorted objective review3- Auschwitz has become a quantifiable figurehead of the Holocaust4- Ukrainian, Latvian and Lithuanian collaborators essential to extermination agenda

Question 49

Wildt

Answer 49

1- Outlines the function of university radicalism in bringing together + escalating the antisemtiic opinion. Much of the senior guard of Nazis shared common Weimar uni exp. Particularly in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) and thus the SS. Union known as the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB).

Question 50

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust

Answer 50

1- Sees Holocaust as the product of modernity – shamed premodern attempts of genocide.2- Explores Milgram, Zimbardo and Steiner experiments

Question 51

Robert Gerwarth, Hitler's Hangman

Answer 51

1- Focus on Heydrich, found personal conviction and beliefs were critical in forming the dimensions of the Holocaust – see the Goring letter to authorise the Wannsee conference as evidence.

Question 52

What was the immediate postwar belief on the cause of the Holocaust?

Answer 52

\*Immediate Postwar\*Belief that only a small, limited circle – the Death’s Head Divisions of the SS, were aware of and carried out the Holocaust – only made possible by the removal of the inhibitions of the Einsatzgruppen.

Question 53

Who are the key functionalists?

Answer 53

Timothy Mason, Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat, Zygmunt Bauman.

Question 54

Who were the key internationalists?

Answer 54

Andreas Hillgruber, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard Jakel, Richard Breitman and Lucy Dawidowicz

Question 55

Who is Gerald Reitlinger?

Answer 55

1953 – ‘pioneer’ of Holocaust studies

Question 56

What is the Marxist reading of the Nazi state?

Answer 56

Fascism constituted ‘the open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinist and most imperialist elements of the finance capital’

Question 57

What did Heilbronner focus on?

Answer 57

The role of antisemitism in the coming of the Holocaust

Question 58

What does Noakes focus on in his investigation?

Answer 58

The role of Hitler

Question 59

What did Tim Cole contribute to the narrative?

Answer 59

Analyst of the geography of ghettoization

Question 60

What hypothesis did Martin Dean put forward?

Answer 60

‘Without the German occupation there would have been no Holocaust, but without local assistance the loss of Jewish life would not have been so great’

Question 61

What hypothesis did Ericksen and Herschel put forward?

Answer 61

Role of the church, contra secularisation theorists, suggest religion played major role in legitimating persecution, though played little role in countering.

Question 62

What Daniel Goldhagen's position?

Answer 62

‘eliminationist antisemitism’ led to proliferate acceptance and promotion of genocidal tendencies across population.

Question 63

What does Peter Fritzsche suggest about the nature of support of the Nazi regime in the late 1920s/ early 30s?

Answer 63

Germans into Nazis – national regeneration was the most popular aspect of Nazi platform

Question 64

What did Broszat suggest about the nature of the polycratic arrangement under Hitler?

Answer 64

Polycratic structure ultimately distorted Hitler’s visions and stripped him of power to guide system – also created the ‘weak dictator’ thesis.

Question 65

What did Scheffler & Krausnick suggest fuelled the Holocaust?

Answer 65

Antisemitic core of Nazi ideology was fundamental driving force of Holocaust

Question 66

What caution should be advised when handling the functionalists and intentionalists?

Answer 66

Functionalism and Intentionalism suggest a greater degree of polarisation than present in accounts – would be more valid to see as a spectrum.

Question 67

What should be considered alongside the Jews?

Answer 67

The Jewish question cannot be treated distinct from the policies of Lebensraum and a wider racial agenda. This includes policy towards the general Eastern population, Gypsies, political enemies and so on. Locality, contingency and the general chaotic nature of policy development is important, as is public endorsement/ participation in the genocide. Memory and denazification also play a role in forging this narrative.

Question 68

On the subject of Aktion T4, what did Hitler purportedly suggest in 1935 on the subject of forced euthanasia?

Answer 68

"Such a problem could be more smoothly and easily carried out in war"

Question 69

How did Hitler respond to the turning of the tide during the war?

Answer 69

Hitler re-invoked the notion of the stab in the back, claiming the international Jew had brought about the closing of the war

Question 70

What did Synder detail about the treatment of Jewish women by Nazis?

Answer 70

Nazis developed a taste for rape as prelude to murder of Jewish women. Women further had greater levels of fatty tissue, and thus burned better – put on the bottom of the pile. Timothy Synder: “The bellies of pregnant women would tend to burst, such that the fetus could be seen inside”.

Question 71

What did Himmler state in Heydrich's eulogy?

Answer 71

Ours is the holy duty to avenge his death, to take up his labour, and to destroy the enemies of our people without mercy or weakness

Question 72

What was the original function of Belsen?

Answer 72

The original function of Belsen was a holding centre for Jews, who were to be exchanged for Germans held by Allies. Contributes to the functionalist mode of thought.

Question 73

What was Hitler's prophecy in 1939?

Answer 73

Today I will once more be a prophet: If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevization of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!’

Question 74

What, however, checked Hitler's prophecy in 1939?

Answer 74

…it is a shameful spectacle to see how the whole democratic world is oozing sympathy for the poor tormented Jewish people, but remains hard-hearted and obdurate when it comes to helping them which is surely, in view of its attitude, an obvious duty… "We," that is the democracies, "are not in a position to take in the Jews." Yet in these empires there are not 10 people to the square kilometer. While Germany, with her 135 inhabitants to the square kilometer, is supposed to have room for them!’

Question 75

What must be treated as explicitly tied to the Jewish question?

Answer 75

Lebensraum

Question 76

Generalplan Ost: Ambitions?

Answer 76

- Purge of Slavic populations - Followed lines of Lebensraum and fulfilment of Drang nach Osten, to realise the New Order- Four versions, constructed after invasion of Poland.- Proposed further colonisation- Organised by Himmler and RSHA

Question 77

Generalplan Ost: What happened during Barbarossa?

Answer 77

- Jewish were taken out of the Generalplan Ost, provided with its own, autonomous, lethal agenda.

Question 78

Why was the Generalplan Ost considered viable?

Answer 78

The lack of action following the Armenian Crisis, stated Hitler.

Question 79

How was the Generalplan Ost split?

Answer 79

Small Plan - during WWII- June 1941, ambition to deport 31 million Slavs to Siberia.Big Plan - postwar (over 25-30 years)

Question 80

Generalplan Ost: Proposed Removal stats and nationalities?

Answer 80

Russians - 60%Estonians - 50%Latvians - 50%Czechs - 50%Ukrainians - 65%Belarusians - 75%Poles - 85%Lithuanians - 85%Latgalians - 100%

Question 81

Generalplan Ost - how were people removed?

Answer 81

Through physical destruction, or deportation to Siberia (45 million). Some were to be Germanised, others enslaved.

Question 82

Himmler's view on the Lithuanians

Answer 82

"almost the whole of the Lithuanian nation would have to be deported to the East"

Question 83

What was ordered in 1940 by Hitler?

Answer 83

No foodstuffs to leave Germany - Wehrmacht had to get food from invaded territory

Question 84

What happened in Ukraine?

Answer 84

The seizure of food supplies in Ukraine brought about starvation, as it was intended to do to depopulate that region for German settlement

Question 85

What was the AB-Aktion?

Answer 85

Elimination/ murder of the upper class and intellectual field in Poland

Question 86

What did Historian Viktor Zemskov state about the death count of civilians in Russia?

Answer 86

- Too high- Does not account for appallingly high natural death rate in region- More like 4.5 million than 7 million.

Question 87

What was the Nazi New Order?

Answer 87

- Pan-German racial state, according to Nazi ideology- Aryan-Nordic master race- Colonisation of central and eastern Europe - Objective of continental hegemony

Question 88

What was the Greater German Reich?

Answer 88

- Ambition to control historically Germanic Europe, with racial rather than national identity.

Question 89

Adam Tooze

Answer 89

‘in Eastern Europe ... the Judaeocide was not an isolated act of murder. The German invasion of the Soviet Union is far better understood as the last great land grab in the long and bloody history of European colonialism'

Question 90

What was Heydrich's solution towards elderly, distinguished Jewish populations remaining in Germany?

Answer 90

Not executed - but migrated into designated ghetto

Question 91

What could be said of the survival rate of the French Jewry

Answer 91

the survival rate of the Jewish population in France was up to 75% which is one of the highest survival rates in Europe.

Question 92

What was Heim ins Reich?

Answer 92

An attempt to convince ethnic-Germans to return to the Greater Germany

Question 93

What is Bauman's theory on modernity?

Answer 93

the holocaust was a 'hidden face' of modernity. "Each of the two faces can no more exist without the other than can the two sides of a coin."

Question 94

What is that Bauman suggests erodes the moral inhibitions of executors of the holocaust

Answer 94

1) Authority (authorization of violence) 2) Routinization (make the work routine) 3) Dehumanization (make people seem less than human).