US history regents review Flashcards
Mercantilism
Economic theory where colonies existed to benefit the mother country, the colonies provided raw materials (tabaco, cotton) and it served as markets for finished goods, this led to tension as Britain imposed taxes and trade restrictions (navigation acts)
Declaration of independence 1776
Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke (natural rights: life, liberty, property), this declared independence from Britain, listing grievances like taxation without representation
Articles of confederation
First U.S. government framework (1781-1789), it had no power to tax, no executive branch, no federal army; shay’s rebellion showed how the weak government could not handle internal crisis
US constitution
Created a stronger federal government with three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial
Bicameral congress
(great compromise), the house of representative (based on population) and senate (equal representation)
Bill of rights
guarantees individual freedoms such as freedoms of speech, religion, due process, etc…
Louisiana purchase 1803
Bought from France for $15 million, doubling the U.S’s size, explored by Lewis and Clark to map the territory and establish trade with Native Americans
Manifest destiny
The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, this justified westward expansion, leading to conflicts like the mexican-american war (1846-1848)
Indian removal act 1830
Signed by Andrew Jackson, forcing native american tribes to relocate west of the mississippi river; this led to the Trail of Tears, where thousands of Cherokee died during forced marches
Seneca falls convention 1848
first women’s rights convention in the U.S., organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, this created the Declaration of Sentiments which demanded equality and suffrage for women
Causes of the civil war
1) sectionalism(north had industrialized, the south relied on agriculture and slavery)
2) slavery
3)election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln’s victory led southern states to withdraw
Missouri compromise 1820
this balanced free/slaves states
Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857
Ruled African Americans were not citizens and congress could not ban slavery in territories
fort sumter
first shots of the civil war
emancipation proclamation 1863
freed slaves in confederate states, which shifted the civil war’s purpose to ending slavery
gettysburg 1863
turning point in the civil war; union victory
What was the outcome of the civil war?
union victory, abolition of slavery (13th amendment)
freedman’s bureau
provided education and aid to former slaves
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to African Americans
Failures of the reconstruction period after the civil war
black codes: laws restricting freedmen’s rights
Jim crow laws: enforced racial segregation
cottin gin
increased demand for slavery
telegraph/ & railroads
improved communication and transportation
laissez-faire
allowed minimal government regulation in business and factories
what did Theodore Roosevelt do during the progressive era?
trust-busting, conservation (ex. national parks)
what did upton sinclair do during the progressive era?
wrote the jungle, exposing unsafe conditions in meatpacking
what reforms happened during the progressive era?
child labor laws, women’s suffrage (19th amendment)
Monroe doctrine (1823)
warned European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere, the U.S. promised not to interfere in European affairs
Spanish-American War (1898)
caused by yellow journalism(news sources that clickbait) and the sinking of the USS Maine, it results in the U.S. gaining Puerto Rico, Guam, phillipines, and ultimately becomes a world power
reasons for U.S. entry in WW1
unrestricted submarine warfare (German attacks on American Ships) ad the Zimmerman telegram (Germany encouraged Mexico to attack the U.S.)
results of the U.S. entering WW1
the U.S. emerged as a world leader, and the league of nations formed but the U.S. did not join at this time
what was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine?
the Truman Doctrine aimed to stop the spread of communism
Cuban missile crisis (1962)
Closest U.S. and USSR came to Nuclear War
Vietnam war
controversial conflict to prevent communism in southeast Asia
Brown v board of education (1954)
declared segregation in schools unconstitutional
civil rights act 1964
banned segregation and discrimination in public places
emancipation proclamation
had the purpose of preserving/saving the union, and to end slavery in southern states
gettysburg address?
was meant to defend the very concept of democracy
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote (1920)
what was title IX?
promoted gender equality in education and sports
space race
the U.S. landed on the moon in 1969, this symbolized technological dominance
navigation acts (1651-1673)
British laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit England, this was to enforce mercantilism by requiring colonies to trade only with Britain (this led to colonial resentment, as it restricted economic freedom and it emerged resistance) **EARLY SOURCE OF TENSION BETWEEN COLONISTS AND BRITAIN!!
coercive acts/intolerable acts (1774)
a series of punitive laws passed by Britain after the Boston Tea Party, EX: Boston harbors was closed until the tea was paid for, quartering act which required colonists to house British soldiers was a result of this, and self-government in Massachusetts was limited (THIS DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION!!)
what was the impact of the coercive acts/intolerable acts?
the impact was that it united the colonies against Britain, which led to the First Continental Congress
proclamation of 1763
this restricted the westward expansion
stamp act (1765)
first direct tax on colonists
boston massacre (1770)
this was a propaganda event by the colonists to rally support against the british
annexation of texas (1845)
mexico considered texas part of its terriroty, even after texas joined the U.S. (this is a key cause to the mexican-american war)
boston tea part (1773)
American colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest British taxation without representation, marking a significant act of defiance against British rule.
taxation without representation
The phrase taxation without representation describes a populace that is required to pay taxes to a government authority without having any say in that government’s policies.
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)
ended mexican-american war; U.S. gained a large portion of Mexico’s Northern terrirtory and mexico gained $15 million in compensation (territories gained by US; california, Arizonia, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada)
neutrality acts (1930s)
an attempt to keep the U.S. out of WW2
pearl harbor attack (Dec 7th, 1941)
Japan bombed U.S. Naval base, bringing America into WW2
what was the U.S. key allied strategies?
the U.S. focused on helping europe defeat germany before they dealt with japan
D-Day
an allied invasion of Nazi-occupied france; eventually after many deaths and fights, germany surrendered
what happened on the home front of America while the men were at war?
Women worked male jobs, factories made weapons, and Japanese Americans were forced into interment camps
VE Day
Germany surrendered, may 1945
Atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagaski
US forced Japan to surrender, this ended WW2
compromise of 1850
series of laws aimed at resolving tensions between free and slave states over new territories
fugitive slave act
required the return of runaway slaves, even if they had ran away to free states (as a part of the compromise of 1850)
theodore roosevelt was known for?
he was known as a “trust buster” because he would regulate and dismantle monopolies, he had a goal to ensure fair business practices and limit the power of wealth industrialists
big stick diplomacy
Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach: “speak softly and carry a big stick”; emphasized U.S. strength without aggression
panama canal
Roosevelt used U.S. military support to help panama gain independence from Colombia, securing the Canal’s construction
Roosevelt Corollary
expanded the Monroe doctrine, asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability and keep European powers out
Rosie the Riveter
showed how women took on traditionally male roles to support the war effort, symbolized women’s empowerment and helped push for gender equality in the workforce
Sherman’s anti-trust act (1892)
ensured fair business practices and addressed the abuses of big corporations like standard oil (monopoly business, unfair business pricing)
war bonds
citizens on the home front during WW2 funded the war effort
monopolies
large companies that controlled an industry or a sector, giving them the ability to control the prices of the goods and services they provided; EX: Rockefeller (oil) and carneige (steel)
labor unions
strikes against unfair working conditions
pullman strike (1894)
a nationwide railroad strike that began at the pullman company in chicago after wage reductions without corresponding rent decrease in company owned housing; it got violent!
homestead strike (1892)
A violent labor dispute at the Carnegie steel company in Homestead Pennsylvania, where workers protested wage cults. This got violent = deaths!
truman doctrine
was a U.S. foreign policy established in 1947 to provide economic and military aid to countries resisting communism,
the marshall plan
The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program launched in 1948 to provide economic aid to Western European countries to rebuild after World War II and prevent the spread of communism.
persian gulf war (1991)
The Gulf War was a conflict in 1990-1991 where a U.S.-led coalition fought to liberate Kuwait from Iraq’s invasion under Saddam Hussein, primarily to protect global oil supplies and uphold international law.
War on terror (2001-present time)
The War on Terror is a global military, political, and legal campaign launched by the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks to combat terrorism and dismantle terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda.
USA patriot act (2001)
legislation enacted in response to the 9/11 attacks to enhance national security measures to prevent future terrorist attacks
North American free trade agreement (NAFSTA) (1994)
a trade agreement between the U.S., canada, and mexico, aimed at elimating tariffs and fostering trade among the three countries, people claimed it boosted economic growth, (at least that was the intention)
globalization
increased international trade and interconnectedness, the U.S. partakes in globalization by actions such as promoting free trade agreements (e.g., NAFTA and USMCA), supporting international organizations like the United Nations and World Trade Organization, investing in multinational corporations, advancing technology and cultural exports (Hollywood, tech giants), and participating in global supply chains and financial markets.
americans with disabilities act (1990)
protected rights of individuals with disabilities
2008 financial crisis
caused by housing market collapse, led to government bailouts to help stabilize the economy (bank, auto industry)
bush v gore (2000)
decided the outcome of the 2000 presidential election
obergefell v hodges (2015)
legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in the U.S.
war of 1812
caused by British impressment of American sailors, this was known as the “second war for American independence,” had to do with problems from British interfering with American trade
treaty of paris
ended french and indian war, with france giving most of its North American territory to Britain, marking British dominance in the region
why was the french and indian war fought?
The French and Indian War was fought primarily due to competing claims between the British and French empires over territory in North America, particularly the Ohio River Valley
