US History Regents Flashcards
1
Q
Proclamation line of 1763
A
Boundary between Native Americans and colonists created by GB to avoid conflict.
2
Q
New England Colonies
A
First society created in the U.S, geographical location helped them make money by fishing because their area had rocky soil.
3
Q
Southern Colonies
A
Opposite of NE colonies in terms of agriculture, made money from farming.
4
Q
Great Plains
A
Flat grassy region in the U.S, a lot of the Great plains intersected with southern states
5
Q
Triangular slave trade
A
Order in which the U.S gained slaves
6
Q
Mercantilism
A
British taking raw materials from colonists to sell them as manufactured in GB.
7
Q
Salutary Neglect
A
GB ignores the Colonists problems, therefore Colonists start selling with other countries.
8
Q
French and Indian war
A
-France and Native Americans fought Colonists and GB over the Ohio River Valley.
-Puts an end to Salutary Neglect
-causes GB to start taxing the colonists and is one of the major causes of the AR.
9
Q
Mayflower compact
A
Colonists wanting to create own personal Democracy.
10
Q
Albany plan of union 1754
A
Failure of colonies attempting to come together due to colonies not wanting to lose power.
11
Q
Declarations of Independence
A
- Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 (inspired by French Enlightenment)
- A list of reasons why the colonists should separate from GB
- NO TAXATION W/O REPRESENTATION (if you’re going to tax us, include us in the government)
- Social contract theory of government
- Like the Bill of Rights it balances the power between the government and the people
12
Q
Social Contract Theory of Government
A
The purpose of the government is to protect the natural rights of the people. People have the right to overthrow the government if this is not happening.
13
Q
Thomas Paine
A
Wrote a book called common sense, tells the people that it’s common sense to seperate.
14
Q
Major Events Leading Up to the Revolutionary War
A
- Sugar and Stamp Act
- Quartering Act
- Townshend Act
- Boston Massacre
15
Q
Sugar and Stamp Act
A
Taxes on molasses and printed materials
16
Q
Quartering Acts
A
Colonists provide housing for British solidiers
17
Q
Townshend Acts
A
Taxes on goods and tea
18
Q
Boston Massacre
A
5 colonists were killed by British soldiers
19
Q
How did the U.S. win the AR?
A
- Home-court advantage (because they know the layout of the land)
- Help of France
20
Q
What was the new boundary after the revolutionary war?
A
Mississippi
21
Q
The Articles of Confederation
A
- First form of government after the AR. Unionize the colonies.
- Created decentralized government, gave each state its own power
22
Q
Problems with the Articles of Confederation
A
Couldn’t truly unionize because states weren’t able to compromise. Not every state was on the same page so they couldn’t agree and this was an issue because the states had all the power
23
Q
Success of the Articles of Confederation
A
- Provided a system of government in America
- Helped them add new states
24
Q
Constitutional Convention of 1787
A
- Bunch of U.S. officials came together to discuss the problems with the Articles of Confederation
- Shays Rebellion exposed the issues of the articles of confederation
- Led to the creation of the U.S. Constitution
25
Great Compromise
- Decision made during the Constitutional Convention to balance out the power/voices. They chose to have 2 houses, the house of senate and the house of representatives
-
26
House of Senate
- Equal representation (e.g. each state would have one senate)
27
House of Representatives
- Based off of state size (e.g. Texas would have more representatives than New York)
28
3/5th Compromise
1. Slaves were only counted as 3/5th of people
2. They only counted 3/5th of the slave population for the House of representatives
29
Other Major Compromises
- Slave Trade
- Taxation
- Election of the President
30
Federalist
- Supported the Constitution and wanted a strong central government
- ex. George Washington & Alexander Hamilton
- Federalist Papers to support the constitution
31
Anti-Federalist
- People who didn't support the Constitution because they didn't want the government to have too much power (they wanted their individual rights)
- Only way they supported the constitution if they included the Bill of Rights
32
Bill of Rights
- Preserve the individual rights of the people
- Made up of 10 amendments
- First amendment: freedom of speech
- Fourth amendment: protect against search and seizure
- Separation of church and state
33
U.S. Consitution
The rules of how to govern America
34
Enlightenment influence on Constitution
- Create a system of checks and balances
- Create the 3 branches of government (legislative, judicial, and executive)
35
Democracy
A government ran by people for the people.
- We have elections that give everyone a voice. They are free and not unfair
36
Republican Government
Every government official has to be elected by the people
37
Division of Power
A system created to ensure that not one part of the government has too much power
38
Federalism
Divides the power between the states and the nation (federal)
39
Reserved Power
Power given the states
ex. segregation in schools
40
Delegated Power
Power that's federal
ex. declare war
41
Concurrent Power
Both federal and state power
ex. minimum wage
42
Legislative Branch
People who write the laws
Congress- House of Representative and House of Senate
43
Executive Branch
The President and his cabinet
44
Judicial Branch
Federal courts and the Supreme Court
45
Checks and Balances
The process of each branch of the government doesn't get too much power
- Impeachment
- Veto is an ability to check the legislative branch
- Senate must pass treatise written by the President
- Supreme Court can say that a law is unconstitutional
- President picks the supreme court judges but the senate must approve
46
Flexibility of the Constitution
There' a bit of flexibility to the constitutional rules
47
Electoral College
- It was created because there wasn't really trust amongst the people (because they thought they were uneducated)
- True way to win the presidential election
- Based off of the size of the state
48
George Washington
First president of the United States and the General during the AR
- Proclamation of Neutrality
- Set examples
- Farewell Address (stay neutral and avoid alliances!)
- Whiskey Rebellion (sent a message)
49
Alexander Hamilton
First Treasury of the United States
Very good financially and helped them financial. He made the first national banks. Helped pay off debt
50
Thomas Jefferson
- Opposed Hamilton's plan on National Banks
- Believed in strict Constitution rules
- Disagreements with Hamilton created the two party system
- Purchased Louisiana (Louisiana Purchase)
51
John Marshall
- Chief Justice during Thomas Jefferson's Presidency
- Expanded the power of the federal government through the judicial branch
52
War of 1812
- America and GB fought over the Atlantic Ocean because they were both trading there. America wins again
- Americans feel a sense of patriotism
- Treaty of Ghent (ended the war); British couldn't trade there anymore
53
War Hawks
People in Congress who agreed to the War of 1812
54
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- Any European country cannot come into the Western Hemisphere and cannot colonize any of the Latin American countries
- Don't want future conflict
- Written by President James Monroe
55
End of Property Requirements
Meant that all white men were able to vote whether you had property or not. Before you needed a property to vote
56
Spoils System
-Reward supporters by giving them a government job. Andrew Jackson used the spoils system.
- Andrew Jackson agreed with it because he felt it gave more citizens a role in the government
57
Andrew Jackson
- Spoils system abuser
- Abused the veto
- Gained the trust of the people to win the election
- Forcibly moved Native Americans from Mississippi to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)
58
Worcester v. Georgia
Native Americans didn't have to go anywhere but Jackson ignored it and made them move west anyways
59
Whig Party
People who disagreed with Andrew Jackson's thoughts and beliefs
60
Erie Canal
Man-made waterway that made shipping from the mid-west to the east easier and less expensive
61
Gold Rush (1849)
When they found gold in California. So everyone wanted to move over there and it increased migration to the west.
62
Homestead Act of 1862
Promoted people to move westward by giving them free land
63
Pacific Railway Ract (Transcontinental Railway Act) (1862)
Gave railroad companies a lot of lands so they could make a transcontinental railway to promote movement of people
64
Manifest Destiny
Americans felt that they were destined to expand west.
- Led to the Mexican American War because Americans took over Texas which was Mexican land. They took it because they felt that it was their destiny
65
Abolitionist during Manifest Destiny
They didn't agree with Manifest Destiny because they thought that if the U.S. added more states, it would make more slave states which means more slave states.
- Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman
66
How did Westward Expansion lead to the Civil War?
Caused conflict because they didn't know if the new states they created should be slave states.
67
President James Polk
Made policies influencing westward conflict in Texas, California
68
Missouri Compromise of 1820/ Compromise of 1850 / Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
All compromises to determine whether certain states should be slave states or free states. This occurred because they were expanding.
69
Popular Sovereignty
- Created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
- The mass majority of the new states decided whether the state would be a free state or a slave state
70
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Court case that stated you cannot ban slavery in US territories
71
Bleeding Kansas
Physical altercation between people who were pro slavery and abolitionist
72
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Described slavery and it was sad so it inspired the North to become abolitionist
73
Underground Railroad
A way that slaves were able to sneak into free states
74
U.S. Civil War (1861-1865)
Due to Abraham Lincoln being elected (since he didn't want slavery in the new territories), the southern states decided to separate from the rest of America and create their own country called the Confederate States. It was a fight between the North (Union) and the South (Confederates).
75
Why were the North and South disagreeing?
- Slavery
- State power (South wanted state power and not the North)
76
Sectionalism
Loyalty to only one area as opposed to the whole country
77
Reasons for the South Seceding
- Sectionalism
- Abraham Lincoln being elected because he didn't want slavery in the new states. This was a problem because they wanted the new states to have a pro-slavery vote
- The government brokedown the compromise of Kansas-Nebraska. They pretty much went against what they stated.
- They disagreed over the power of the states and the power of the federal government (the South wanted more power to the states)
78
Abraham Lincoln
President during the Civil War
Main goal was to preserve the Union (the country) and keep the country together.
79
Habeas Corpus
A law that stated you can't throw anyone in jail without a good reason. Lincoln suspended this and threw many anti-Unionist in jail.
80
How did Lincoln expand Presidential power during the Civil War?
- Suspended Habeas Corpus
- Expanded the army without approval of Congress
- Censored anti-Unionist papers (took away freedom of speech)
During wartime, people's rights are restricted
81
Emancipation Proclamation (1862/1863)
Freed all the slaves from the confederate states in order to bring them to the Union's army. He did this because he was scared that England and the Confederate States were forming an army.
82
Reasons why the North (Union) won the Civil War
- They were more economically prepared
- They had more weapons and people in the army
83
Results of the Civil War
- Federal government became very strong
- North became very wealthy because of all the products that were created during the war
- 13th, 14th, 15th amendments were passed
84
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
85
14th Amendment
Equal protection and citizenship
86
15th Amendment
EVERYONE (except woman) had the right to vote
87
Reconstruction Era
Time period after the Civil War where the Union was attempting to bring the South back together and unify the country.
The military was in the South during Reconstruction to make sure the South would obey the Reconstruction rules
88
Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction
- Wanted to give Southerners representation in government
- He wanted to restore the country as soon as possible so what he did in order to do that was pardon all the Southerners who participated in the war and he wanted to pretend that the war never really happened and he wanted to forgive them and welcome them back into the Union
89
Radical Republican
- A group of Republicans (Northerners) who opposed Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction because they felt like the Southerners should be punished
- They wanted the Southerners to be more progressive like the North
- They wanted voting rights for everyone (except women)
- They only would allow the South back if they created the 14th amendment
90
Lincoln's Assassination
Important because the Radical Republicans took over his plans for Reconstruction
91
President Andrew Johnson
The successor of Abraham Lincoln
- He agreed with Abraham Lincoln's ideas of Reconstruction
- He was the first president impeached because the Radical Republicans didn't like the fact that he agreed with Lincolns plans, they used him firing the Secretary of War to get him impeached but it didn't work and he remained in office
92
Limitations of the 15th Amendment
- Poll taxes
- Literacy test (most African Americans were not able to read or write so this was unfair)
93
Jim Crow Laws (1870-1880)
Laws that restricted African American rights with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment
- ex. requirement of a literacy test to vote
94
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case in 1896 that said black and white people had to be separate but equal (later overturned by the Civil RIghts Act of 1964)
95
Sharecroppers
Allowed African Americans to work on plantations with little pay. A lot of former slaves did it because it was the only thing they were qualified for. This benefited the Southerners because they were able to have people work on their plantations while barely even paying them.
96
New South
Term used for the South during Reconstruction. Farmers started growing a variety of things. Due to the large increase in farming from the war, it wasn't as expensive to purchase farm goods so farmers became poorer.
97
Carpetbaggers
Northerners that moved to the South to help them with their government.
98
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
- The northeast had a lot of labor and money so it started there.
- The Erie Canal was finished so they were able to transport a lot of things and the transcontinental railroad made transportation cheaper and easy
- Mechanization of farming; new technology was created that made farming easier and more efficients (ex. cotton gin)
- They started using hydropower
99
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
- Small businesses couldn't compete with big businesses so it led to them shutting down
- Bigger businesses eliminated smaller businesses (competition)
- A lot of immigration to the US because of the job opportunities
- Led to the creation of the middle class. And rich people gained more wealth while the poor become poorer.
100
Tariffs
Tax on foreign goods because America wanted citizens to buy American products instead of foreign products. Big businesses agreed with this because that way they could get more money.
101
Corporation
- Major business in America after the Civil War
- They were able to compete with smaller businesses because they had more machines and people working compared to the small businesses
- This got their work done faster and quicker
- They wanted companies that manufacture and distribute to be the same
102
Social Darwinism
- Theory that stated that the difference between bigger and smaller businesses was survival of the fittest. So the bigger businesses would succeed and the smaller businesses would die out
- This justified monopolies
- Believed that rich people were just harder workers than the poor people
103
Laissez Faire Capitalism
The government shouldn't be involved in the economy. Influenced economic growth.
104
Supply and Demand
What the majority of people want will make the price higher.
105
Free Enterprise System
Investments and profits are controlled by the people
106
Rise of Big Business (1865-1900)
The government agreed with Laissez Faire and the economy used trusts and monopolies to control the market.
107
Robber Barons
Big business leaders that used evil tactics in order to gain a edge on their competition
ex. Vanderbilt and Rockefeller
108
Gilded Age
Named by Mark Twain to describe the major differences between the rich and poor
109
Urbanization
People who lived in rural areas moved to Urban areas because of job opportunities. Caused by industrialization.
110
How the Other Half Lives
Written by Jacob Riis and exposed the truth about the working class and exposed the bad conditions they worked in.
111
Working Conditions
Industrialization caused a shift from rural to urban areas. Also, there was a lot of child labor. Also, they lived in tenements which were apartments but there was a lot of people living in there. They had bad conditions.
112
Immigration
Many immigrants traveled to the United States for job opportunities because of industrialization. Big businesses supported immigrants because they were able to do large amounts of unskilled factory work.
113
What group of people came in very high amounts?
Irish people because they had a potato famine so they decided to come to the U.S instead of starving. They were discriminated against because they believed in Catholicism.
114
New Immigrants
Primarily came from South and East Europe, more specifically Italy and Russia. They weren't really accepted into American society due to their different culture. They were forced to take literacy test to prevent them from coming into America.
115
Nativism
Group of Americans who did not like the idea of new immigrants coming in because they were taking their jobs. They were threatened because immigrants would work for cheaper so the bosses of big companies would support them over someone who would want to work for more.
- Supported the Chinese Exclusion Act
116
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
An act that excluded Chinese people from coming to America.
117
Monopoly
Big business taking over an entire industry
118
Pools/Trusts
Big businesses trying to minimize their competition (i.e. smaller businesses)
119
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
-It was the first time the government got involved with the economy breaking Laissez Faire capitalism.
- Created the Interstate Commerce Commision which was a shadow branch for supervision over the economy
- Happened because farmers and small businesses were complaining
120
Sherman Antitrust Act
Law to limit the power of monopolies from the government.
121
Clayton Antitrust Act
An act that allowed Unions.
- This means that if they want equal pay, the power of the Union prevents big businesses from firing all of them and hiring immigrants
122
Gibbons v. Ogden
Allowed the government to monitor trades between states
123
Wabash v. Illinois
A Supreme Court case that limited the power of big businesses
124
Federal Reserve System
A system to stabilize the economy
Supported by President Woodrow Wilson
125
Graduated/Progressive Income Tax
Created by the 16th Amendment. Took tax money from people based on their income.
ex. Rich people pay more tax than middle class or poor people
126
Progressive Movement
A period of time where reform was made as a response to the industrial revolution
- Income tax
- Secret ballot (anonymous voting)
- Woman suffrage
- Consumer protection
- Direct election of Senators
- Prohibition (alcohol)
127
Progressive
A person who believed that the government should interfere with the economy and disagreed with Laissez Faire capitalism. They believed this because they wanted to protect consumers and workers from unsafe conditions and poverty.
128
Jane Adams
Made settlement houses for workers. Conditions were good and way better than tenements.
129
Robert LaFollette
Progressive reformer who wanted better rights for African Americans (was unsuccessful)
130
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American who founded the NAACP in order to end segregation and have equal rights.
131
Booker T. Washington
He didn't truly believe segregation would end so he thought the only way was to increase African Americans education and improve their economic state. He created schools for specific jobs.
132
How did progressives view education?
They believed that it was necessary in order to keep on progressing for the country.
133
How did progressives impact politics?
Made voting more accessible so that more people could vote.
134
Direct Election of Senators
Established by the 17th Amendment and stated that citizens directly voted for the senator of their state
135
Civil Service Exam
Exams that are required to have a job in the government. This is a direct counter to the spoils system.
136
Labor Union
A group of employees that bargain with the employer for things like better pay or working conditions. The Clayton Antitrust act mde labor unions equal
137
Wagner Act (1935)
Legalized collective bargaining (when union leaders talk to the employer to bargain)
138
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
It was a fire that broke out in a factory in Chicago. This caused national attention and created awareness for workers in bad conditions.
139
Samuel Gompers
He created a lot of unions to help these workers get better pay and conditions.
140
American Federation of Labor
It was the biggest and longest lasting union in America. They were successful because they fought for better pay and conditions.
141
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Meat had to be inspected by the government before being sold or shipped anywhere. If they found bad meat and drugs, they forbade it. They did this as a direct response to consumer protection
142
Meat Inspection Act
Create standards and sanitary practices for meat. Created because the muckrakers exposed the truth behind how the meat was being packed.
143
Muckrakers
Writers that exposed the truth about the country. For example, the meat packing, child labor, the standard oil company.
ex. Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis
144
Populist Party
- A political party created by farmers because they wanted their voices to be heard. They didn't support Laissez Faire capitalism.
145
Granger Movement
Farmers trying to lower freight rates (shipping fees). They wanted more regulation on monopolies.
146
Theodore Roosevelt
- New Nationalism
- Square Deal
147
New Nationalism
Policies created by Theodore Roosevelt to solve the problems caused by Industrialization
148
Square Deal
Gave the federal government a bigger role in social and economic problems
149
Trust Busting
Teddy Roosevelt policies for getting rid of monopolies, trust, and pools. He did this because he thought the federal government should regulate big business.
150
Big Stick Policy
Expanded the Monroe Doctrine and stated that America was the policemen of the Western Hemisphere
151
How did Theodore Roosevelt affect the environment?
He cared a lot about the environment and created the first national park and had waterway projects. m
152
What was the reason for Imperialism?
We needed to obtain raw materials from other countries in order to sell them to other countries. This is happening because of industrialization and being able to produce goods more efficiently
153
Dollar Diplomacy (T.R.)
U.S. wanted power in Latin America.
ex. if you're selling t-shirts in America, they wanted to expand that product in other countries so they could make more money
154
Open Door Policy (1899-1900) (T.R.)
Made China available for trading so we can access their goods/market
155
Which countries did the U.S. annex in the late 1800s to 1900s?
Hawaii and the Philippines
156
Spanish American War (1898)
- Joseph Pulitzer and William Robert Hears used yellow journalism to instigate the war by lying about the Spanish sinking the U.S. Maine which caused the war.
- This caused Theodore Roosevelt to build the Panama Canal which made transporting and moving way easier
- U.S. won so they were known as a global superpower and they colonized many other countries around the world
157
Woodrow Wilson
-Didn't support big businesses and supported the Federal Reserve System
- Wanted the U.S. to remain neutral in WWI
- Broke his policy of neutrality when a German submarine sunk the Lusitania and killed 128 Americans. He asked Congress to declare war and joined the Allied Forces (Britain and France)
158
Causes of WWI
- The U.S. originally wanted to stay neutral but Germany didn't want them trading with GB and France and Germany considered them enemies. Germany disregarded the freedom of the seas by using unrestricted submarine warfare and sinking the Lusitania
- Wilson felt that democracy was threatened and went to Congress to declare war.
159
Espionage and Sedition Act
Woodrow Wilson silenced people who opposed WWI violating their first amendment right
160
Schenck v. U.S.
Supreme Court case that allowed people's rights to be restricted during warfare if it poses a threat or danger to security of the nation.
161
How did Wilson change industry in WWI?
He forced businesses to create products for the war instead of products they were previously creating
ex. toy store would have to make guns
162
Economic Effects of WWI
- The automobile industry started to skyrocket
- Since women were working now, they were able to put in money for their suffrage movement
- African Americans moved up North in order to get factory jobs
- Allied countries were buying American materials for war because Americans produced them quickly. The economy skyrocketed
- America emerged as a leading economic power
163
Political Effects of WWI
- The Fourteen Points to maintain peace after the war but other nations didn't really listen to it
- Woodrow Wilson wanted to join the League of Nations but Congress didn't accept it (rejected the Treaty of Versailles) because they thought that if another war was to start, the U.S. would have to be involved.
-
164
Bolshevik Revolution
- Russia was overtaken by communist which made them the USSR
- Nativism increased in America because they didn't feel comfortable with Russians in their country (causing the Red Scare)
165
Immigration quotas of 1921 and 1924
America wanted to limit the intake of Russians and other immigrants due to their fear of communism
166
Women's Rights
- 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote
- Seneca Falls Convention: women's rights activists came together like Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Some western states granted women the right to vote before the 19th Amendment because they proved themselves during the war
- Women gaining the right to vote were influenced by the fact that they got jobs during the war which gave them money to fund their suffrage movement
167
Prohibition
- The 18th Amendment and banned the production of alcohol.
- Led to more crime because people were secretly making and selling alcohol
- Less respect for authority
- Showed the public that its difficult to enforce a law if the majority of people do not want it
- A part of the 21st Amendment ended Prohibition
168
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two European immigrants that were accused of murder. They ended up getting executed with little to no evidence. This showed the amount of nativism and the effects of the Red Scare in the country
169
Scopes Trial
John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in school because there were a lot of fundamentalist that were traditional.
170
Harlem Renaissance
A birth of culture for African Americans in Harlem. They used forms of art and music to express their black culture
ex. Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes
171
Flappers
Women that rejected traditional feminine roles. For example, they didn't want to be housewives, they wore dresses that "showed too much skin" at the time.
172
Henry Ford Economic Changes
Created the assembly line which made producing cars very efficient which made cars more affordable
173
Credit
When you don't pay for something at the moment (you may not have the money at the time), so you pay for it when you have the money for it.
174
Consumer culture
Advertisements make people want to shop at certain places and buy certain things
175
Installment Buying
Paying a little bit at a time
ex. monthly payments
176
How did people feel about stocks in the 20s?
Felt like the economy was doing very well so they thought it would be beneficial to invest. They thought the economy was only going up.
177
How do people feel about government involvement in the 20s?
They felt that since the economy was going up, they didn't need the government's help or supervision anymore
178
President Warren G. Harding
- Stop involving in foreign matters
- Didn't want the government involved in the economy
RETURN TO NORMALCY
179
President Calvin Coolidge
Supported the free enterprise system. Many farmers didn't like Coolidge because without the help of the federal government involved in the economy, they would just lose money.
180
Overproduction of Farm Goods in the 1920s
During WWI, farmers and their crops helped feed many soldiers. After the war was over, the soldiers didn't need farmers anymore so this lead to overproduction of crops which caused them to have less value.
181
Dust Bowl
Since farmers were overproducing and there were droughts, this caused Dust Storms which caused people in the Great Plains to move westwards.
182
Causes of the Great Depression
- The Stock Market Crash of 1929 was considered the start of the Great Depression. People bought stocks on credit.
- Lack of money for farmers
- Overproduction and excessive use of credit. Businesses were overproducing and people weren't buying all the products.
- People were either really rich or really poor
- People weren't paid enough for the lifestyle they were living
- Countries were too dependent on each other's economies. So if one country went down, they would all go down.
183
President Herbert Hoover
- Was the president during the beginning of the Great Depression
- Believed in trickle down economics so they thought that if the big businesses made more money it would trickle down to the poor
- Believed that the government still shouldn't be involved in the economy
- Refused to give poor people relief funds
- Hoovervilles
- Bonus Army
184
Hoovervilles
Names that poor communities were given because Herbert Hoover refused to give them money. So he was responsible for their suffering.
185
Bonus Army
WWI veterans felt that they should be paid for serving the country so they marched on Washington.
186
The Supreme Court and FDR
The Supreme Court thought some New Deal laws were unconstitutional. FDR wanted to increase the amount of people in the Supreme Court so that FDR could get more votes for the New Deal.
187
FDR Administration (1932)
- The government is spending less money to stimulating money for the economy
- FDR was elected for a third term because the Americans were afraid that WWII would start and they didn't want to switch presidents right before the war because FDR was a good president. Eventually, Congress made it a law that you have to step down after two terms
- Good Neighbor Policy: FDR didn't want to interfere with Latin America. Wanted to improve their relationship.
188
New Deal
- Most immediate goal was to create jobs for the unemployed
- Created jobs that were open for everyone
- Expanded social welfare programs ex. women who were widows were given money to support them
- Believed in government involvement
- Agricultural Adjustment Acts
- TVA
- FDIC
- WPA/CCCpp
- SEC
- National Labor Relations Act
189
Agricultural Adjustment Acts
FDR is increasing the amount of money farmers make by decreasing the amount of things the farmers produce
190
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
In the New Deal and it provided for poor rural communities economically.
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Social Security Act of 1935
Provides for elderly people who retired by taking money from people and putting it into their social security (its a cycle)
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Gave people confidence in the banks. For example, if the bank were to crash, people were guaranteed to get their money back
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Bank Holiday
FDR closed the banks for four days to restore the losses from the Great Depression
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WPA
Gave unemployed people jobs
ex. jobs to create parks and railroads
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CCC
Another organization used to help unemployed people
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Securities and Exchange Commision (SEC)
Used to stop people from abusing the stock market
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National Labor Relation Act
Strengthened Unions
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Oppositions of the New Deal
- People were afraid that their capitalist principles would be gone and people would fall into communism because of the Social Security Act
- Big businesses did not want government interference
- Republicans opposed the New Deal because the government was spending more money than they had
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Impact of the New Deal
- People really wanted government involvement in the economy
- Raised the national debt majorly because the U.S. was borrowing money from foreign countries
- Expanded the Federal Government's power
- State government increased taxation to pay for debt
- We don't know if the New Deal ended the GD or WWII because during WWII there was a lot of money that was made.
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Background of WWII
There was a rise of fascism in Germany and Italy. Fascism means there is a dictatorship. Germany wants to take over the entirety of Europe but France and GB use the policy of appeasements which means that they are ignoring what the Germans are doing to avoid war. While GB and France ignore Germany, they start taking over some places but once Germany took over Poland, that's when GB and France declared war on Germany
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Background of WWII
There was a rise of fascism in Germany, Italy, and USSR. Fascism means there is a dictatorship. Germany wants to take over the entirety of Europe but France and GB use the policy of appeasements which means that they are ignoring what the Germans are doing to avoid war. While GB and France ignore Germany, they start taking over some places but once Germany took over Poland, that's when GB and France declared war on Germany.
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U.S. Neutrality in WWII
The U.S. wanted to stay neutral and Congress created neutrality acts to avoid conflicts and not repeat the problems of WWI
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Lend-Lease Act/Cash and Carry Act/ Destroyers for Naval Bases
Ways that the U.S. helped the allied force without declaring war.
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Why did the U.S. become involved in WWII?
Because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese
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Why was D-Day Important?
Because it gave the allied forces territory in the west and the east and gave them an advantage. Before, Germany only had to worry about the East invading
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Major challenges for the U.S. in WWII
- They had to fight a lot in Europe and Asia and didn't have a lot of familiarity in these areas.
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Mutual self interest in WWII
U.S. and the USSR both wanted to take down Germany so they became allies
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U.S. Home Front during WWII
- Women had better economic opportunities because the men were away at war. (Rosie the Riveter)
- African Americans moved to large cities to get jobs
- GI Bill
- People were rationing their food at home to give to the soldiers
- People were encouraged to buy war bonds to provide for the war (they would eventually be paid back by the government)
- Manhattan Project
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GI Bill (1944)
Gave war veterans housing and education
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Manhattan Project
A project to develop the atomic bomb
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Korematsu v. U.S.
Put Japanese people in internment camps because they thought they were a threat to their national security (mainly because they were already at war with Japan)
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President Harry Truman
President during WWII.
- Fair Deal: expansion of the New Deal
- Dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Didn't want any U.S. casualties so he did this instead.
- African Americans were they first desegregated in the army
- Truman Doctrine
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Truman Doctrine
A doctrine created by Truman to stop the spread of communism by providing aid to Greece and Turkey
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End of World War II/Impact of WWII
- Nuremberg Trials
- United Nations
- United States more involved in the world
- The middle class expands
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Nuremberg Trials
Allied forces hunted down former Nazis and put them on trials for the Holocaust
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United Nations
Strong countries coming together to prevent any future World Wars. This time the U.S. is involved.
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Marshall Plan
America provided aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the war
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Eleanor Roosevelt
Made the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Baby Boom
1950s
A time period where a lot of Americans were creating a family after the war since the men came back
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Where did families go during the 1950s?
Mainly middle class white families moved to the suburbs and created nuclear homes, which meant wife, husband, and children
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Interstate Highway Act of 1956
Increase the suburban population
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What are the effects of the Baby Boom?
- Amount of educational resources increased because of the increase in babies
- Increase in demand for products
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Cold War (1946-1991)
Disagreement between the U.S. and the USSR but there were no physical altercations
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Why did the U.S. get suspicious of the Soviets after WWII?
- Because they left their troops in Europe after WWII
- Soviet union put up an "Iron Curtain" to seal themselves off from the rest of Europe
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Why didn't the U.S. and Soviets fight? What did they do instead?
The U.S. and Soviets didn't directly want to have a war so they became allies with certain and made them fight
ex. USSR supported North Korea and the US supported South Korea
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NATO (1949)
Treaty created to protect countries in Eastern Europe from falling to Communism from the USSR
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Sputnik Launch of 1957
USSR launched a satellite to outer space. It devastated Americans because it showed that the USSR had greater technology than the U.S. at the time
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Containment
U.S. version of the Iron Curtain. They were trying to prevent the spread of Communism.
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Eisenhower Doctrine
Expanded the Truman Doctrine and provided money for any country they could to spread democracy.
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Berlin Airlift
Berlin was divided in half due to the Iron Curtain. Half was communist and half wasn't. The U.S. flew over the Iron Curtain and dropped off supplies to the communism side of Berlin. This made the USSR very mad.
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Fall of the Berlin Wall
The wall came down which marked the end of the Cold War
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McCarthyism
Fear of communism so they hunted down people who they thought were communist. This violated people's rights because they convicted them without enough evidence. The Rosenbergs were accused of being communist without evidence so they ended up being executed.
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Korean War
It was a war between North and South Korea. The US and the United Nations supported the South while USSR supported the North
- The first time the United Nations used aggression
- Korea is separated into North and South and still have divided ideologies
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Vietnam War
A war between South Vietnam (U.S.) and North Vietnam which was communist.
- The U.S fought the war because of the Domino Theory, if one country falls to communism, all of them will
- People didn't really support the war especially college students
- 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 because if 18 year olds are allowed to fight in the war, they should be allowed to vote too
- North Vietnam won and the entirety of Vietnam fell to communism
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The War Power Act of 1973
President Eisenhower kept on sending troops during the Vietnam War. Therefore, the government created the War Power Act to limit the power of the president by also giving Congress a role in sending troops
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Effects of Vietnam War
- US questioned if they were truly the policeman of the world
- Questioned if they should send military troops abroad
- Showed that you won't always win a war if you have better technology
- Showed that people have a say in laws
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President Eisenhower
President during the Cold War.
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- Supported desegregation in school by sending troops to the Little Rock 9.
- Warned America of the government limiting the power of the executive branch
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President JFK
- Created the Peace Corps which provided aid for developing countries
- Bay of Pigs
- Cuban Missile Crisis
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Bay of Pigs (1961)
Cuba had a dictator named Fidel Castro so JFK trained Cubans to overthrow Castro so that Cuba could turn into a democracy. This failed.
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Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
Soviet Union put nuclear weapons in Cuba and this threatened the U.S. because Cuba is near the U.S. JFK decided to create a naval blockade around Cuba. JFK and Kruschev made a peace treaty that said they couldn't use nuclear weapons. NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY.
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New Frontier
U.S. responding to the Sputnik Launch by putting the first man on the moon. JFK put a lot of money into mathematics and science so they could figure out how to get the first person on the moon.
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Civil Disobedience
Someone going against the norm
ex. Rosa Parks not wanting to sit in the back of the bus
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Jackie Robinson
First black baseball player in the major leagues
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Brown v. Board of Education
Court case that desegregated everyone. It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
Gave everyone equal rights and disregarded Jim Crow Laws
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Voting Rights Act of 1954
Gave everyone the right to vote and disregarded the restrictions that were previously put in the 15th Amendment
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Affirmative Action Programs
Women and minorities had to be included in the economy
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Fair Housing Act and Americans with Disabilities
Made sure that everyone had their civil rights including disabled people
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Great Society
Created by Lyndon B. Johnson to end poverty and discrimination. This also increased government involvement to the well being of people.
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VISTA
Providing for people by using government involvement
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Medicare
Providing healthcare for elderly people
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Dètente
Created by Richard Nixon to ease tensions between the US and USSR
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Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)
Extension of detente and tried to ease tensions between the world.
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Watergate Scandal
Scandal when Nixon was running during his second term. People believed Nixon's workers went to his opponent's headquarters to gain intel about their plans. They were exposed and eventually Nixon resigned because he was put on trial. This showed the system of checks and balances being used.
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President Jimmy Carter
Created a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt called the Camp David Accord. Wanted to maintain peace in the Middle East
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President Ronald Reagan
He favored big business and didn't feel like the government should be involved in the economy. Believed in trickle down economics. Lowered federal income tax
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President George Bush
President during 9/11 and went to war with the Taliban by invading Afghanistan.
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President Bill Clinton
- NAFTA- stopped tariffs and increase international involvement
- He was impeached
- He wanted peace in the Middle East
