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US History Regents > Living Environment > Flashcards

Living Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells

A

The building blocks of life

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Makes up the cell

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains all the DNA/genetic information and can make proteins. Similar to a mayor in a city

  • Both Animal and Plant cell
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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Create protein

*Both Animal and Plant Cells

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell because it creates ATP through cellular respiration

*Both Animal and Plant Cells

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6
Q

Vacuoles

A

Store food and waste. Like the garbagemen of the cell

*Both Animal and Plant Cells. Plant cells have bigger vacuoles

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A fluid where chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls what going in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Only certain things can come inside the cell

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

When molecules go from a high concentration to a low concentration

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion in water. Molecules go from a high concentration to a low concetration.

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12
Q

Active Transport

A

The way cells can move molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using ATP

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13
Q

Passive Transport

A

Going from high to low (following concentration gradient)

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14
Q

Receptor Molecules

A

On top of the cell membrane. Shaped a certain way so that only certain molecules can come in (lock and key)

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chlorophyll inside the Chloroplast makes photosynthesis

*Only plant cells

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16
Q

Cell Wall

A

Prevents the plant cell from bursting

*Only plant cells

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17
Q

Nutrition

A

Nutrients needed for ATP, repair, and growth

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18
Q

Autotrophic Organism

A

Organism that takes in inorganic molecules to create glucose (plants/producers)

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19
Q

Heterotrophic Organisms

A

Cannot make their own food so they have to rely on organisms for food. They need starches, proteins and lipids. Starches are made out of simple sugars (ex. glucose. Proteins are made out of amino acids. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol.

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20
Q

Transport

A

Materials move throughout the cell/body

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21
Q

Respiration

A

Glucose bonds break to create ATP energy. This happens in the mitochondria of the cell.

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism

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23
Q

Synthesis

A

Using the nutrients you have to create the things your body needs

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24
Q

Regulation and Coordination

A

Need to maintain homeostasis by cells communicating with each other

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25
Q

Excretion

A

Getting rid of toxic waste from the cell. Different from elimination because elimination is poop.

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26
Q

Organization of genetic information

A

Cells –> nucleus –> chromosome –> genes

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27
Q

How is light converted during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is converted to chemical energy

H20 + CO2 –> C6H12O6 + O2

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28
Q

Stomates

A

They are holes at the bottom of the leaves.
Open to let in CO2
Close to hold H20
Guard cells control their opening and closing

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29
Q

Cellular Respiration in terms of energy

A

Glucose bonds break down from oxygen to create ATP. Uses chemical energy to create ATP

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30
Q

Digestive System

A

To digest and absorb nutrients

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31
Q

Respiratory System

A

Breathing in oxygen and letting out carbon dioxide in a gas exchange

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32
Q

Immune System

A

To protect the body from viruses and bacteria

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33
Q

Pathogen

A

Foreign organism that enters the body (ex. viruses, fungus, bacteria)

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34
Q

Antigen

A

A protein that is attached to the pathogen. Its specific antibody can bind to a WBC receptor.

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35
Q

WBCs

A

Bind to antigen. Signal the body to create antibodies that have the same receptor

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36
Q

Vaccines

A

Take part of a virus and put it in the vaccine so your body can prepare for an actual viral infection

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37
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used for bacterial infections

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38
Q

Allergy

A

Immune system thinks something harmless is a pathogen so it acts like a pathogen

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39
Q

AIDS

A

Kills WBCs which makes it very dangerous

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40
Q

Nervous System

A

Used for fast communication

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41
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones send signals to the body

42
Q

Feedback Mechanism *Very specific to endocrine

A

Sends signals to maintain homeostasis in the body

43
Q

Excretory

A

Removes waste (kidneys, large intestine –> anus)

44
Q

Skeletal/Muscular System

A

Movement

45
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Small changes to keep balance and maintain homeostasis

46
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins are uniquely shaped to bind with substrates to break things down (ex. Protease).
Enzymes are catalyst. This means that the reaction speeds up

47
Q

Factors that affect Enzymes

A

Temperature and pH

48
Q

DNA

A

In the nucleus. Holds the genetic information

49
Q

How many base pairs does DNA have?

A

4, ATCG

A-T
G-C

50
Q

How does DNA change when mitosis occurs

A

The two strands untwist and they get duplicated. Then the cell will divide into two so that each has a copy of the DNA

51
Q

How are proteins made from DNA?

A

The DNA uses transcription to make mRNA which sends messages to the ribosome to make protein which is translation

52
Q

Genes

A

They are inside chromosomes. They are expressed depending on their environment. Our DNA is the same throughout our entire body but cells are differentiated because different genes are expressed.

53
Q

Mutation

A

An error in the DNA coding (might add an extra base or delete a base). Happens randomly.
- Chemicals and radiation can cause (UV, X Rays)
- Can cause cancer
- Mutations can be passed down to the next generation

54
Q

Selective Breeding

A

When humans breed two animals to make desirable traits

55
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Fragments of DNA separated by size. Bigger ones move slower, smaller ones move faster

56
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Taking DNA from one organism, and putting it into another one so it has that function.

57
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproducing by cloning which uses mitosis. The babies will be genetically identical

58
Q

What are the pros of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • Doesn’t take much time
  • Don’t need to find a partner
  • Can reproduce a lot
59
Q

What are the cons of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • If you have a mutation it can be passed down
  • There is no variation, a threat could wipe out the entire population
60
Q

Fitness

A

Genes that’ll be passed down to the next generation because they give the species a higher rate of survival

61
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

50% of DNA is passed down to the baby. The other 50% comes from the partner. Meiosis produces sex cells

62
Q

Gametes

A

The sex cells. Sperm and egg. They contain 50% of the genetic material. 23 chromosomes from from the mom and dad

63
Q

Fertilization

A

The gametes come together to form a zygote. The zygote now has 46 chromosomes

64
Q

Variation in Sexual Reproduction

A

There is variation in sexual reproduction because an offspring has a combination of both of its parents genes

65
Q

Human Reproduction

A

Regulated by hormones (ex. testosterone and estrogen)

66
Q

Ovary

A

During ovulation it creates the egg and produces estrogen and progesterone

67
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

Where fertilization happens

68
Q

Uterus

A

Where the baby is protected. The fetus grows and develops

69
Q

Placenta

A

Where the baby gets nutrients and gas exchange. Whatever happens to the mom will happen to the baby

70
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Baby blood to the placenta and back to the baby

71
Q

Cervix

A

The bottom of the uterus

72
Q

Vagina

A

The birth canal

73
Q

Testis

A

Sperm is formed and hormones like testosterone is made

74
Q

Epididymis

A

Where sperm is matured

75
Q

Vas deferens

A

How to sperm comes out from the epididymis

76
Q

Semen

A

Fluids mixed with sperm so that the sperm cells can swim

77
Q

Urethra

A

Passageway leading out the urine and semen

78
Q

Evolution

A

Change in a species over time
- Environmental changes
- Mutations can cause evolution
- Natural selection

79
Q

Natural Selection

A

Genes that allow organisms to survive will be passed down to the next generation

80
Q

Four Steps of Natural Selection

A

Overproduction: there’s limited resources so you can’t have overpopulation
Competition: There’s competition with other species for food and space
Selective Reproduction: Choosing specific mates so their offsprings can have the traits they want tp be passed to the next gen
Variation: every member of a species is different. This can occur through mutations and sexual reproduction

81
Q

Biosphere

A

The areas on Earth where we can find life

82
Q

Species

A

Interbreeding population of organisms

83
Q

Community

A

Many different species in an ecosystem

84
Q

Ecosystem

A

The interaction between biotic and abiotic things

85
Q

What does an ecosystem need to be self sustaining?

A
  • Constant Source of energy (sunlight)
  • Needs an organism to convert source energy to a usable form of energy. Autotrophs
  • Need diversity, multiple producers and consumers in the case that a species dies out
  • Dead organisms need to be recycled. Fungi and bacteria decompose it to release nitrogen. Nitrogen is used by plants
86
Q

Food chain

A
  • Producer
  • Primary Consumer
  • Secondary Consumer
  • Tertiary Consumer (some ecosystems don’t have a tertiary)
87
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

Producers have the most energy. As you move up, the energy decreases.
Secondary and tertiary consumers might waste energy looking for prey
Primary Consumers only absorb about 10% of energy

88
Q

Niche

A

The organism’s job in the ecosystem

89
Q

Habitat

A

Where the organism lives

90
Q

Herbivores

A

Only eat plants

91
Q

Carnivores

A

Only eat meat

92
Q

Scavengers

A

Eat dead consumers

93
Q

Parasite

A

Needs a host and takes nutrients from it

94
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The ecosystem has a limit on the amount of organisms it can sustain. It depends on the amount of food and space it has available. It also depends on the amount of consumers

95
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Evolution of the ecosystem. New organisms enter the ecosystem while the old ones might die due to the change

96
Q

Nature preserves

A

Protects habitats/ecosystems

97
Q

Recyclables

A

Decreasing the number of dumps by reusing certain materials (cans, plastic)

98
Q

Renewable resources

A

Wood, sunlight, grass

99
Q

Compost

A

Man made. When something is decomposed to eventually be used as fertilizer

100
Q

Hunting Regulation

A

Regulating the amount that humans can hunt

101
Q

Biological mediation

A

Using one species to limit the amount of another species (ex. people buy cats to limit the number of mice in a house)

US History Regents (2 decks)

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